OVERVIEW OF HORN OF AFRICA

1
I G A D
IGAD / UNDP Sub-Regional Programme for Area-based
Development Activities for the Reintegration of
Returnees, Refugees and Displaced Persons in the
Horn of Africa
2
Background Information
Total Population (,000) 3.5 Population
Growth Rate 3.0 Area (Km2)
124,300 GNP/Inhabitant (USD)
165 Rural Population() 84.6
Total Population (,000) 30.4 Population
Growth Rate 2.5 Area (Km2)
2,505,813 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 250 Rural
Population() 64.9
Total Population (,000) .6 Population
Growth Rate 4.5 Area (Km2)
23,200 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 830 Rural
Population() 17.2
Total Population (,000) 661.4 Population
Growth Rate 2.4 Area (Km2)
1,116,100 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 130 Rural
Population() 82
Total Population (,000) 9,077 Population
Growth Rate 1.6 Area (Km2)
637,660 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 110 Rural
Population() 74
Total Population (,000) 22.6 Population
Growth Rate 3.1 Area (Km2)
236,860 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 200 Rural
Population() 86.2
Total Population (,000) 30.0 Population
Growth Rate 3.3 Area (Km2)
582,640 GNP/Inhabitant (USD) 260 Rural
Population() 67.9
3
Of the 28.1 million refugees around the world
about 28 are displaced within Africa
...UNHCR
4
Maps that shows refugee locations with in the
IGAD region
5
Number and Location of Refugees in the Horn of
Africa
6
Refugees From The Horn Of Africa
7
Returnees in the Horn of Africa
18
17
20
35
10
8
Global Status Of Internally Displaced Population
10
16
51
23
9
Food Insecure Areas in the Horn of Africa
10
UNDP IGAD Sub-Region Programme--------------SUMMAR
Y
Strategies
Partners
Solutions
Actors
High Priority Areas
Cause and Effects
Leading
Participating

• Food Insecurity
• Poor food production mechanisms
• Political instability civil strife
• Poor economic policies
• Population explosion
• Environmental degradation

• Increase agricultural food production
• Improve agricultural policies
• Better credit facilities for agricultural
  producers
• Improve forecasting warning capabilities for
  food shortages

• Develop drought tolerant food crop ventures
• Develop cross border livestock disease control
  schemes
• Develop and implement agricultural information
  and early warning system
• Enhance agricultural extension services
• Enhance cross border agricultural RD network

UNDP IGAD MOAs NARs
FAO ECA NGOs
Food Security

• Provision for gender sensitivity
• Provision of Information for better forecasting

Cross Cutting Issues

• Enhanced environmental control mechanisms
• Better environment management
• Sound environment policies
• Improved environmental forecasting and early
  warning capabilities

• Develop environmental pollution control schemes
• Develop Implement environmental early warning
  systems
• Develop effective water resource management
  schemes
• Develop cross border environment training schemes

• Environmental Degradation
• Global environmental changes
• Poor natural resources management
• Absence of sound environmental control
  mechanisms
• Population explosion
• Environmental degradation

UNDP IGAD Environment Agencies
ECA FAO UNEP NGOs
Environment

• Information for early warning and disaster
  prevention
• Grass root participation
• Grass root education

Cross Cutting Issues
Conflicts Resolution Management Humanitarian
Affairs
ECA OAU NGOs

• Develop policies, principles, standards and
  support services
• Initiate and develop information system for
  conflict early warning
• Initiate mechanism for grass-root participation
  in conflict prevention
• Initiate comprehensive schemes for lasting
  reintegration rehabilitation of displaced
  people

UNDP IGAD Civil Society Local Governments

• Conflicts Human Crisis
• Poor governance
• Poor economic policies
• Civil strife, conflicts
• Famine
• Poor resource allocation

• Better governance
• Political stability
• Cross border cooperation
• Enhanced reintegration rehabilitation programmes
• Better forecast and early warning for conflict
  prevention

11
Current Situation

• Horn of Africa Region is affected by years of
  conflict, famine, diseases, population explosion
  and environmental degradation
• Most countries are faced with stalled
  development, weak government capacity,
  insufficient and under-resourced social services
• Problem is accelerated by high level of
  ethnic/civil strife and natural disasters which
  lead to a growing number of refugees and
  displaced persons

12
Current Situation

• There are 21.8 million refugees in the world
• 38.8 are found in Asia, 27.9 in Africa, 25.6
  in Europe, 4.8 in North America, 2.6 in Latin
  America and the Caribbean and 0.35 are in
  Oceania Three Horn of Africa countries, Somalia,
  Sudan and Eritrea, are included in the ten
  countries with the largest number of refugees
• Since Ethiopia is host to thousands of Somalia
  refugees, The Horn of Africa Program addresses
  the needs of these refugees, returnees, along
  with host communities

13
Repatriation(A case of Somali National Regional
State Northwest Somalia)

• As of Mid- 2001, there were approximately 30,000
  to 60,000 Somali Refugees in Ethiopia, the
  majority of which are estimated to be poorer and
  less educated than those who repatriated early
• From Feb, 1997 to October 2001, approximately
  170, 000 voluntarily repatriated back into
  Somaliland
• During the same period, 350,000 returned without
  any assistance
• The remaining 80,000 in SNRS region of Ethiopia
  were repatriated at the end of 2001

14
Repatriation to what?

• The Majority of returnees into Somaliland are
  faced with incapacitated government, a devastated
  local economy as well as, inadequate social
  services. 
• EDUCATION
• The war of independence annihilated large number
  of school administrators and teachers, demolished
  schools, destroyed learning materials ultimately
  disrupting the education of thousands of children
  and adults
• As of Dec. 2001, fewer than 20 of primary school
  children have returned to school and more than
  50 of Primary schools remain shattered

15
Repatriation to what? cont.

• Majority of Secondary schools and professional
  technical schools have reopened, but the two
  Universities within the region, University of
  Hargeisa and University of Somaliland, are
  structurally, and financially unable to enroll
  most of the graduates
• HEALTHCARE SERVICES
• 1 in 5 children die before the age of five
• Life expectancy is only 48 years
• Healthcare facilities were destroyed by armed
  conflicts
• Repatriated refugees live in close quarters with
  inadequate sanitation, and insufficient health
  services

16
Repatriation to what? cont.

• In Hargeisas seven returnee neighborhoods, 16
  nurses support 8 mother-and-child health care
  centers that serve thousands
• Hospital pharmacies are unable to fill simple
  prescriptions
• Hospitals are incapable of serving the thousands
  of returnees who suffer from psychological trauma
  associated with war
• WATER SUPPLY
• Water is an essential element for sustaining
  ones livelihood
• Water system is incapable of providing the
  general population with reliable sources of water

17
Repatriation to what? cont.

• The water system which was built in the early
  1900s, constantly breaks down
• Many depend on river water
• ECONOMY
• More than 70 of all Somalilanders dependent on
  the production and trade of livestock (But a ban
  form Saudi Arabia on Somali livestock has
  debilitated this sector)
• An estimated 10 of Somaliland is arable, but to
  date only 3 has been cultivated
• Most returnees, facing these conditions, lack any
  employment opportunities and grow even poorer

18
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

• OBJECTIVE
• To support sustainable human development by
  building up local level conditions conducive to
  peace, democracy, and reintegration of uprooted
  populations
• STRATEGY
• Designing area-based reintegration and
  rehabilitation programmes rather than targeting
  specific beneficiaries
• Encouraging community involvement at all stages
  of the programme development to ensure a local
  sense of ownership

19
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
cont.

• Working with all existing local-level structures
  at all stages of programme development
• Complementing area-based rehabilitation
  initiatives with existing development activities
• Creating pull-factors or poles of attraction
• Flexibility in programming in order to address
  the primary agenda and priorities of the
  communities

20
Defining IGAD

• IGAD is to
• Coordinate development in the Horn of Africa
  region
• Facilitate capacity building of member states to
  Implement programs geared towards sustainable
  reintegration and rehabilitation of refugees,
  returnees and displaced persons in IGAD countries
• IGAD serves as
• A peace broker, and policy organ through which
  development work can be implemented

21
Defining IGAD cont.

• However
• IGAD doest not operate autonomously. All its
  projects are completed in collaboration with
  government offices, particularly the Ministry of
  Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture
  and Planning
• IGAD Focuses on
• conflict prevention, management and Resolution,
  Humanitarian affairs, infrastructure development,
  as well as food security and environment

22
Resolutions and Decisions in support of the Horn
of Africa Programme

• October 17-18, 2001, Khartoum,Sudan
• the 1st Regular Meeting of Ministers in Charge of
  Womens Affairs, Seminar on Gender Mainstreaming
  of IGAD Peace Building and Conflict Resolution
  Programme passed the following recommendation
  and plan of action,
• the ongoing IGAD/UNDP cross border area based
  development projects should be revisited in close
  collaboration wit IGAD womens desk to address
  the needs of all focal points by engendering this
  cross border area based project.

23
Resolutions and Decisions in support of the Horn
of Africa Programme cont.

• 08--11 January 2002, Khartoum, Sudan, (9th Summit
  of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government
  of IGAD and the 21st ordinary Session of the
  Council of Ministers of IGAD passed the decision
• that the first phase of project/programme of
  the reintegration and rehabilitation of refugees
  , returnees and IDPs and affected communities be
  launched without delay in Ethiopia and Djibouti
  and that UNDP be urged to fully implement the
  programme and expand is implementation in other
  parts of the IGAD region.

24
Scope of the IGAD/UNDP Programme

• Address the immediate needs of the population in
  the process of repatriation
• Carried out in accordance with the national
  development plan for each country
• Respect existing administrative structures
• Use of existing local and government mechanisms
  for credit, technical assistance, marketing, etc
• Confirm ownership and responsibility for the
  beneficiaries for their own collective and
  individual development benefits

25
Scope of the IGAD/UNDP Programme cont.

• To establish sustainable institutional mechanisms
  in two or more cross-border communities
• To create an enabling and economically viable
  environment
• To rehabilitate community infrastructure and
  facilities

26
Strategy

• Designing area-based reintegration and
  rehabilitation programmes rather than targeting
  specific beneficiaries
• Encouraging community involvement at all stages
  of the programme development to ensure a local
  sense of ownership
• Working with all existing local-level structures
  at all stages of programme development

27
Strategy

• Complementing area-based rehabilitation
  initiatives with existing development activities
• Creating pull-factors or poles of attraction
• Flexibility in programming in order to address
  the primary agenda and priorities of the
  communities

28
Possible area of interest
29
Major Achievements

• Established cross-border linkages and dialogue
  among beneficiary countries
• Consensus among the different clan/political/cross
  -border communities
• Serious commitments and involvement of the
• IGAD countries
• Consensus and interest among key donors

30
Impact on policy
IGAD to develop policies, principles and
standards with regard to population movements,
cross-border trade, shared resources (Water,
Grazing Land) in cross-border areas National
policies on humanitarian and food security
issues in border areas impacted by internal and
external displacement
31
The Regional Program Strategy
One single objective To support sustainable
human development by building-up local level
conditions conducive to peace, democracy and
reintegration of uprooted populations, One single
approach Enlargement and empowerment of
beneficiaries, through broadened social and
economic opportunities and participation in local
decision-making,management and follow-up
mechanisms. Shared strategy Supporting local
development within a regional framework, this
shared strategy will assume a systemic
relationship at three levels local, national and
regional.
32
Basic principles of the program strategy

• Reintegration and rehabilitation can involve both
  short-term and long-term preventive responses
  before, during and after the return of the
  refugees.
• Value will be added to UNHCRs previous and on
  going QIPs and reintegration programs as well as
  to UNDPs and other agencies investments in
  reintegration, rehabilitation, de-mining and
  demobilization.
• District and regional capacity building for
  reintegration and rehabilitation, including
  development planning, programming and
  implementation, will provide an enabling
  environment for sustainability.

33
Basic principles of the program strategy cont

• Mechanisms that will ensure the participation of
  the various social and economic stakeholders
  within their social, cultural and political
  spheres will be agreed upon, established and
  strengthened.
• Increased opportunities for reforms and
  establishment of links with the various on-going
  or foreseen initiatives will be fostered.
• Critical areas such as food security, economic
  recovery, good governance, including local
  administration, planning and joint
  decision-making and management issues should be
  taken into full consideration in order to provide
  an environment conducive to the sustainability of
  the reintegration and rehabilitation activities.

34
Basic principles of the program strategy cont

• Programming must be inclusive, targeting
  refugees, returnees, and the displaced as well as
  the resident populations. If reintegration of
  demobilized personnel is incorporated as a
  programming objective, then the identification,
  formulation and implementation of projects for
  the demobilized should be tied to any existing,
  area-based reintegration and rehabilitation
  strategy, projects and programs.
• National capacities will be strengthened, not
  only through the central and regional
  institutions, but by also promoting the
  empowerment of local commitments, civil society
  organizations, associations and small enterprise
  sector associations. Thus, joint, participatory,
  decision-making mechanisms between the
  administration and civil society will be
  fostered. This will facilitate a more transparent
  environment for the implementation of the
  foreseen projects.
• Sectors needs will be streamlined through the
  programs components, detailed activities and
  budget.

35
Components of the Regional Programme
36
Target Beneficiaries
The direct beneficiaries of the proposed project
will be refugees, internally displaced persons,
returnees, and communities, including those of
the ex-combatants that have hosted large refugee
populations The IGAD Secretariat will benefit
through gaining experiences and capacities to
promote cross-border, regional development and
economic cooperation at the grassroots level.
The IGAD member states will also benefit
through initiation of development processes
targeting the neediest sectors of their
societies. The capacities of local institutions
will be strengthened to better implement similar
projects in their respective areas.
37
Implementing Partners
38
Current Activities

• Demonstrative start up activities in Teferiber
  and Dorwanaji zones of the Somali National
  Regional State of Ethiopia focusing on education
  ,health, and water supply systems as part of the
  sustainable reintegration and rehabilitate of
  refugees ,returnees and displaced people in the
  IGAD sub-region.
• A tripartite agreement between the government of
  Ethiopia Administration for refugees and
  returnees affairs, the Somali National Regional
  State Health Bureau and the UNDP/IGAD Horn of
  Africa programme has been signed.
• UNDP/IGAD Horn of Africa programme has allocated
  USD 100,000 for these activities. Procurement of
  equipment and other primary activities underway

39
Implementation Cont.

• Preparation completed to initiate small scale
  demonstrative start up development activities in
  Ali Sabeh district of the Republic of Djibouti.
  
• Focus areas in these activities are promotion of
  income generation activities through support to
  local cooperatives and women,s associations in
  the Ali Sabeh district.

40
HOA Initiatives
AGFUND
Japan GGP
OECD
EU
DAC
Indigenous Capacity building
Partnership
Governance
Peace building
Institution building
Post conflict area based development,
Reintegration Rehabilitation

• -Governance
• Democratic
• Participatory
• -Capacity Development
• -Coordination
• Regional Cooperation
• Early warning system
• Partnership
• Local ownership

Local ownership
Partnership for all concerned including the
Bretton Woods institutions
Partnership Capacity devt. Coordination Advocacy
Brahimi Report
UNDP
Local ownership Coordination Regional
Cooperation Capacity Building
Linkages b/n humanitarian dev. Assistance Aid
coordination
Coordination Capacity Devt. Regional capacity
Buld. Devt. Of EWS
GHOA USAID
Brookings Process
RCF2
41
Information Communication

• Design and develop a strong gis/database
• With in the region
• Design and implement information
  distribution/exchange mechanism with in
• The region using
• Web technology
• Multimedia CD
• Intranet