Curators Office

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Civil War
WWII
World War I
Curators Office
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Jodi Schoenbachler

• Jodi Schoenbachler is a 5th grade teacher at
  Westergard Elementary School in Reno, Nevada.
• Jodi loves teaching American History. She
  is currently involved in projects to enhance her
  students interest in the subject as well.

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LORETTA JANETA VELASQUEZ
SARAH ROSETTA WAKEMAN
ALBERT CASHIER
SARAH EDMONDS SEELYE
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World War I Women

Loretta Perfectus Walsh
Dorothy Lawrence
Oleda Christedes
Opha Mae Johnson
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Artifact 4.2
Dorothy Stratton
Nancy Love
Jacqueline Cochran
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Loretta Janeta Velasquez

• Loreta Janeta Velazquez sounded like a mythical
  figure a Cuban-born woman raised in New Orleans,
  where she masqueraded as a male soldier and
  fought in the Civil War. With a fake mustache,
  beard, and a soldier's uniform, the Latina
  enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861 as
  Lieutenant Harry T. Buford , without her
  husband's knowledge.
• Wearing a disguise, Velazquez fought at the
  battles of Bull Run and Ball's Bluff , and at the
  siege of Fort Donelson . She continued fighting
  after her husband was killed and after she was
  arrested as a Union spy. Velazquez also fought at
  the Battle of Shiloh-- alongside her new fiance,
  who did not recognize her in disguise.
• She managed to fool other officers and soldiers
  because she was fair-skinned, walked with a
  masculine gait, smoked cigars, and padded her
  coat to pass as more muscular, according to the
  National Archives and Records Administration.

http//www.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/08/22
/stealth_fighter/
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Albert Cashier

• Jennie (Irene) Hodgers, aged 19 and Irish,
  enlisted
• on the 3rd of August 1862, into the 95th Illinois
• Infantry regiment under the name of Albert
  Cashier.
• She fought in about 40 battles and skirmishes.
• None of her comrades ever suspected that she was
• infact a "he". There are some accounts by
  Cashier's
• fellow comrades indicating that the other
  soldiers
• just thought that Cashier was small and shy, the
• smallest man in the company, but very brave and
• fearless. "He kept up on the hardest marches,
• skillfully handled a rifle and never shirked
  duty.
• She spent her entire adult life as a man and  in
  later
• years she claimed a veteran's pension, which she
• was more than entitled to for her service in the
  war.
• It wasn't until struck in an automobile accident
  in
• 1911, breaking her leg, that her sex was revealed
  
• when treated by a physician at a veteran's
  hospital.
• She was admitted to the "Soldiers' and

Insert artifact here
http//www.geocities.com/civilwarlady1861/al.html
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• With the speed and strength of any man in
  battle, hundreds of women answered the call to
  bear arms for the Union or the Confederacy during
  the period known as the Civil War. Many of those
  women were found out, and sent to the hospitals
  to become nurses, sent home, or sent to insane
  asylums as patients. But dozens of other women
  were able to evade detection, fight in battle,
  die as heroes, or survive the war to live rich
  lives as either men or women until their death.
  One such woman to fight in the Civil War as a man
  undetected was Sarah Rosetta Wakeman. What she
  gave her family was economic stability,
  first-hand knowledge of the war, and a hidden
  pride to share with the generations to come.
• While looking for another job, Rosetta
  Lyons came across recruiters in Binghamton for
  a brigade about to join in the War. She signed
  up, where her word, oath and signature was enough
  to enlist. For two years Private Lyons Wakeman
  fought with her comrades in the 153rd New York
  State Volunteers. She sent most of her earnings
  home with letters, which the family kept. On
  occasion Rosetta signed letters with simply
  Rosetta, but other times with the name of Edwin
  R. or Lyons, showing that she was internally
  struggling with her identity. By mid-1864, after
  her survival through many obstacles, Sarah
  Rosetta Wakeman died of a camp-contracted
  dysentery in Marine General Hospital, where she
  was undetected as a woman, and buried as Lyons
  Wakeman with full military honors at Chalmette
  National Cemetery in New Orleans, Louisiana. One
  year later, in 1865, her home state of New York
  counted her as Lyons Wakeman, a causality for the
  Union Forces.

Sarah Rosetta Wakeman

http//us-civil-war.suite101.com/article.cfm/sarah
_rosetta_wakeman_private_lyons_wakeman
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Emma Edmonds

• SARAH EMMA EDMONDS SEELYE
• Sarah Emma Edmonds was one of about 400 women who
  enlisted in the army during the civil war. What
  makes Sarah Edmonds special is that she not only
  remained in the army as Frank Thompson for many
  years, she was a very successful spy, as well.
• Emma lived in Flint Michigan. When the call came
  for Union enlistments she cut her hair, got mans
  clothing and changed her name to Frank Thompson.
  It took several tries, but she was finally
  enlisted as a male nurse in the Second Volunteers
  of the United States Army.
• When news came that General McClellan was looking
  for a person to act as a spy, Frank Thompson
  volunteered.
• After many successful missions Emma worked long,
  hard hours in a military hospital. She became
  sick with malaria and could not admit herself
  into the hospital because her true identity would
  be discovered. She left camp and went to a
  private hospital where she could be treated as a
  woman. She planned to rejoin her unit when she
  was better, but a nasty surprised awaited her.
  When she read an army bulletin she discovered her
  name on a list of deserters!!
• Emma bought a train ticket to Washington where
  she worked as a nurse until the end of the war.

Insert artifact here
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ttp//www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/image
s/sarah-edmonds-seelye-disguised.gif
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Opha Mae Johnson

• On August 13, 1918, Opha Mae Johnson became the
  first female Marine when she enlisted in the
  Marine Corps Reserve.
• Although women weren't allowed in war zones
  during World War I, Johnson and more than 300
  other women served proudly in the United States,
  helping their male counterparts win in France.
• Less than 100 years after Johnson's service and
  courage, women fill many key roles in the Marine
  Corps, in both the officer and enlisted ranks.

Insert artifact here
http//www.marines.com/main/index/winning_battles/
history/leaders/pvt_opha_mae_johnson
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Dorothy Lawrence

• Dorothy Lawrence was born in Hendon in 1896.
  Abandoned by her mother, she was adopted by a
  guardian of the Church of England.
• Lawrence had a strong desire to become a
  journalist and she achieved some success with a
  few articles published in The Times. She was
  living in Paris when war was declared in 1914.
  Lawrence contacted several British newspapers
  offering to work as a war correspondent in
  France. All the editors refused to employ a woman
  to do what they considered to be very dangerous
  work. Lawrence returned to England and in 1915
  disguised herself as a man and joined the
  British Army. Using the name Denis Smith, she
  served for ten days in the British Expedition
  Force Tunneling Company on the Western Front
  before her true identity was discovered. The
  authorities detained her in a French convent
  until she agreed to swear an affidavit promising
  not to tell the public how she had fooled the
  army authorities.

http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWlawrenceD.
htm
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Loretta Perfectus Walsh

• Loretta Perfectus Walsh was born in
  Philadelphia in Pennsylvania (April 22
  1896-August 6 1925). Due to the events that began
  with World War I, Loretta Perfectus Walsh
  preferred to enlist in the United States Navy.
  She also secured the title of the first active
  duty Navy woman when she joined a 4 year
  enlistment with the U.S. Naval Reserve. This
  happened in 1917. Loretta Perfectus Walsh was
  sworn as the Chief Yeoman on 21 March, 1917.

http//www.buzzle.com/articles/women-in-world-war-
one.html
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Oleda Christedes

• Oleda had played piano for dance-bands throughout
  the Thumb District
• of Michigan, for six years, since the age of
  thirteen, and she knew all the
• World War One popular music. While sailing "Over
  There" on the S.S.
• Olympic, which had been placed in quarantine at
  Southampton, England
• for two weeks because of the Spanish Influenza
  pandemic, she
• entertained the troops. When she was asked by the
  Red Cross official
• to accept a position touring camps and hospitals
  to entertain, she
• replied that she was in the Army under orders for
  the duration of the
• War.
• She was assigned to General Pershing's American
  Expeditionary Force
• Headquarters in Chaumont, France. Her service
  extended a year after the
• Armistice in order to operate the telephones for
  the arrangements to
• return the troops home there was no question but
  that she was there
• under orders for the duration. Oleda, and all the
  U.S. Army Signal Corps
• operators, stood inspection in the soldiers'
  ranks, for General Pershing's
• visiting dignitaries. She remembered President
  Wilson, Marechal Foch
• and the Prince of Wales. During one leave, which
  was given on
• pass exactly the same way as to any soldier,
  Oleda traveled to Bordeaux
• to meet her brother Wallace who was a member of
  the Army's Barber

http//www.jungsoul.com/Hello-Girls.html
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Women in Army Corp

• African American women have long been a
  visible and important part of the American
  defense team. Here, Maj. Charity E. Adams and
  Capt. Abbie N. Campbell inspect the first
  contingent of black members of the Women's Army
  Corps assigned to overseas service in WWII

http//www.noaa.gov/blackhistory/2007/images/women
s-army-corps-wwii.jpg
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Hear Us Roar!

• Shortly after the US declaration of war,
  the Council of National Defense created an
  Advisory Committee on Women's Defense Work, known
  as the Woman's Committee. The purpose of the
  committee wasto coordinate the activities and the
  resources of the organized and unorganized women
  of the country, that their power may be
  immediately utilized in time of need, and to
  supply a new and direct channel of cooperation
  between women and governmental department.
• Chairman of the Woman's Committee,
  working energetically and full time, was the
  former president of the National American Woman
  Suffrage Association, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, and
  another leading member was the suffrage group's
  current chairman and an equally prominent
  suffragette, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt.

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Pistol Packin Mamas
WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) were
civilian female pilots employed to fly military
aircraft under the direction of the United States
Army Air Forces during World War II. The purpose
of WASP was to free up more male pilots for
combat roles by having female pilots fly missions
such as ferrying aircraft from factories to
military bases, and towing drones/aerial targets.
Eventually the WASP members would number in the
thousands before the wars end. Note The words
on the plane say Pistol Packin Mamas
http//surferjerry.com/history/wwii-wasp/
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The Original Assembly Line!

• Women in the American work force Bertha
  Stallworth, age 21, inspects 40mm artillery
  cartridges at Frankford Arsenal during WWII

http//www.noaa.gov/blackhistory/2007/images/women
20in20workforce20wwii.jpg
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Working for the War

• In 1944, women comprised 35.4 percent of the
  civilian labor force.
• In 1945, women comprised 36.1 percent of the
  civilian labor force.
• The female labor force grew by 6.5 million.
• At the height of the war, there were 19,170,000
  women in the labor force.
• Between 1940 and 1945, the female labor force
  grew by 50 percent.
• One in ten married women entered the labor force.
  
• The percentage of married women working outside
  the home increased from 13.9 to 22.5.
• The percentage of working women with children
  under 10 years of age increased from 7.8 to 12.1
  from 1940 to 1944.
• In 1944, 37 percent of all adult women were
  employed.
• At the height of the war, women comprised 4
  percent of skilled workers.
• In 1944, skilled female workers made an average
  weekly wage of 31.21 while skilled male workers
  earned 54.65 weekly.
• From 1940 to 1944, the percentage of women
  workers employed in factories increased from 20
  to 30 percent.
• From 1940 to 1944, the percentage of women
  workers employed as domestic servants declined
  from 17.7 to 9.5 percent.
• Female employment in defense industries grew by
  462 percent from 1940 to 1944.
• Between 1943 and 1945, polls indicated that 61 to
  85 percent of women workers wanted to keep their
  jobs after the war.
• Between 1943 and 1945, polls indicated that 47 to
  68 percent of married women workers wanted to
  keep their jobs after the war.

Insert artifact here
Image acquired at Place URL here
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Artifact 3.4 Title

• Describe the artifact here.

Insert artifact here
Image acquired at Place URL here
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Jacqueline Cochran

• Her most distinguished aviation career began in
  1932 when she obtained her pilot's license with
  only three weeks of instruction. From this time
  onward, her life was one of total dedication to
  aviation. After her first air race in 1934, she
  was respected by all for her competitive spirit
  and high skill. Her performance in the aviation
  events of the 1930's is legendary. Among her last
  flight activities was the establishment in 1964
  of a record of 1,429 MPH in the F-104
  Starfighter.
• At the beginning of World War II, she became a
  Wing Commander in the British Auxiliary Transport
  Service ferrying U.S. built Hudson bombers to
  England. With the U.S. entry into the War, she
  offered her services to the Army Air Corps and
  formed the famed Women's Air Force Service
  Pilots. This group, more than 1000 strong played
  a major role in the delivery of aircraft to the
  combat areas throughout the world. For this
  service, she was awarded the U.S. Distinguished
  Service Medal.
• Some of the honors she has been accorded include
  the Harmon Trophy, the General William E.
  Mitchell Award, Gold Medal of the Federation.

Insert artifact here
Ihttp//www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/cochran1.htm
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Nancy Love

• Nancy Harkness Love was born
  on February 14, 1914 in Houghton, Michigan, the
  daughter of a wealthy physician. She developed an
  intense interest in aviation at an early age. At
  16 she took her first flight and earned her
  pilot's license within a month. Although she went
  to all the right schools, including Milton
  Academy in Massachusetts and Vassar in New York,
  she was restless and adventurous. At Vassar she
  earned extra money taking students for rides in
  an airplane she rented from a nearby airport.
  In May, 1940, soon after the Second World
  War broke out in Europe, Nancy Love wrote to Lt.
  Col. Robert Olds. who was in charge of
  establishing a Ferrying Command within the Army
  Air Corps, that she had found 49 excellent women
  pilots, who each had more than a thousand flying
  hours and could help transport planes from
  factories to bases. Lt. Col. Olds took the
  suggestion to Gen. Hap Arnold, Chief of Staff,
  who turned it down. Nancy Love convinced
  Col. Tunner that the idea of using experienced
  women pilots to supplement the existing pilot
  force was a good one. He then asked the 28 year
  old Love to write up a proposal for a women's
  ferrying division. Within a few months, she had
  recruited 29 experienced female pilots to join
  the newly created Women's Auxiliary Ferry
  Squadron (WAFS). Nancy Love became their
  Commander. In September, 1942, the women pilots
  began flying at New Castle Army Air Field,
  Wilmington, Delaware, under ATC's 2nd Ferrying
  Group
• After the war, Nancy Love became
  the mother of three daughters, but she continued
  as an aviation industry leader, as well as a
  champion for recognition as military veterans for
  the women who had served as WASP. Nancy
  Harkness Love died on October 22, 1976. Among the
  things she left behind was a box she had kept
  for more than 30 years. Inside was a handwritten
  list of women pilots she had compiled in 1940 and
  clippings and photographs of each of the women
  who had died under her command. Her job had not
  been easy, but the love and respect she received
  from the WAFS and WASP she commanded during WWII
  is indisputable

• Describe the artifact here.

Insert artifact here
http//www.wingsacrossamerica.us/wasp/bio_love.htm
c
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Dorothy Stratton

• In 1920, when Dorothy C. Stratton received her
• Bachelor of Arts degree from Ottawa University,
  the
• career prospects for women were somewhat more
• restrained than they are today. But it appears
  that the
• trends of the time did nothing to dampen
  Dorothys
• enthusiasm for personal and professional growth.
• As the country faced the prospect of World War
  II, Dorothy
• Felt an urgent need to serve her country. She has
  been
• quoted as saying that a woman trustee at Purdue
  where
• she was Dean of Women said, Dorothy, you cant
  afford
• to do this. To which Dorothy replied, I cant
  afford not to.
• In the nations capitol in November 1942,
  President
• Roosevelt signed the law establishing the Coast
  Guard
• Womens Reserve, and the then Lt. Stratton was
  sworn in
• as its director. She became the first woman
  accepted for
• service as a commissioned officer in the history
  of the
• United States Coast Guard.

Insert artifact here
http//shorock.com/don/ou/2005/stratton.pdf
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Women Pitch In

• Applicants had to be U.S. citizens between the
  ages of 21 and 45 with no dependents, be at least
  five feet tall, and weigh 100 pounds or more.
  Over 35,000 women from all over the country
  applied for less than 1,000 anticipated
  positions.
• On 20 July the first officer candidate training
  class of 440 women started a six-week course at
  Fort Des Moines. Interviews conducted by an eager
  press revealed that the average officer candidate
  was 25 years old, had attended college, and was
  working as an office administrator, executive
  secretary, or teacher. One out of every five had
  enlisted because a male member of her family was
  in the armed forces and she wanted to help him
  get home sooner. Several were combat widows of
  Pearl Harbor and Bataan. One woman enlisted
  because her son, of fighting age, had been
  injured in an automobile accident and was unable
  to serve. Another joined because there were no
  men of fighting age in her family. All of the
  women professed a desire to aid their country in
  time of need by "releasing a man for combat
  duty."

http//www.history.army.mil/brochures/wac/wac.htm
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