Title: Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
1Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
- Richard T Jacobsen
- Vivek Utgikar
- October 25, 2007
2Fuel Cell Fundamentals
Anodic Reaction H2 ? 2 H 2 e-
Cathodic Reaction 1/2O2 2 H 2 e- ? H2O
2
3Hydrogen Powered Vehicles
- Auto companies poised to move from proof of
concept to production of fuel cell vehicles - Proof of Concept
- Higher hydrogen storage pressures10,000psiLonger
ranges400 miles - Fuel cell packaging, less hand assembly
- Freeze-start performance
- Profitability far in the future
4Hydrogen Vehicles from global auto makers
- General Motors
- Daimler-Chrysler
- Ford Motor Company
- Honda
- Toyota
- Hyundai
- Others..
5General Motors
6General Motors
- GM has placed a very high priority on fuel cells
and hydrogen as the long-term power source and
energy carrier for automobiles. We see this
combination as the best way to simultaneously
increase energy independence and security, remove
the automobile as a source of emissions, and
allow automakers to create better vehicles that
customers will want to buy in high volumes.
7General Motors (cont.)
- GMs fuel cell program is focused on four areas
- Developing a fuel cell propulsion system that can
compete head-to-head with internal combustion
engine systems on performance, durability and
cost. - Demonstrating our progress publicly to let key
stakeholders experience firsthand the promise of
this technology. - Collaborating with energy companies to ensure
that safe, convenient, and affordable hydrogen is
available to our customers, enabling rapid
transformation to fuel cell vehicles. - Working with governments worldwide to ensure that
appropriate market conditions and incentives are
in place to enable a successful market
introduction and subsequent sustainable market
expansion.
8General Motors (cont.)
- We are targeting to design and experimentally
prove a system that has the performance,
durability, and cost -- assuming scale volumes --
of todays engine systems by 2010. We have made a
major commitment to this effort and have spent
more than 1 billion to date. Additionally, to
achieve our ultimate vision of a hydrogen economy
and hydrogen fuel cell-based transportation,
about 700 GM scientists and engineers are working
around the world on research and development
activities in places like the U.S., Germany, and
Japan. As a result, we are making great progress
in developing the necessary technologies and are
increasingly confident we will reach our goal.
9GM Sequel
10GM Sequel (cont.)
- Compressed hydrogen
- Gasoline-equivalent fuel efficiency is about 39
mpg, or 5.7 liters per 100 km - Technology Fuel cell and by-wire
- Overview The Sequel, about the size of a
Cadillac SRX, is the first fuel cell vehicle
that achieves 0-60 mph in under 10 seconds and
has a 300-mile range. - Other benefits include
- Unequaled control on snow and ice, or uneven
terrain - 42-percent more torque for unparalleled
acceleration - Shorter braking distance than an equal size
vehicle
Sequels sophisticated by-wire system replaces
the mechanical and hydraulic linkages of
conventional vehicles with electrical wires and
actuators. This means fewer parts to wear out,
and because by-wire systems work like a fast
computer, Sequel has enhanced accelerating,
braking and overall handling.
11GM Chevy Equinox
- Fuel Cell
- Compressed hydrogen
-
- Technology Fuel cell
- Overview Enabled by GMs fourth-generation fuel
cell propulsion system, the Equinox Fuel Cell is
a fully-functional crossover vehicle, engineered
for 50,000 miles of life. Importantly, the
Equinox Fuel Cell is able to start and operate in
sub-freezing temperatures during its 50,000-mile
life. It is expected to meet all applicable 2007
U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and
is equipped with a long list of standard safety
features while providing all of the environmental
benefits of hydrogen fuel cell technology. The
Equinox has a 200 mile range.
GM announced in September 2006 that it will build
more than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
vehicles and will begin placing them with
customers in the fall of 2007, as part of a
comprehensive deployment plan dubbed Project
Driveway." Designed to gain comprehensive
learnings on all aspects of the customer
experience, Project Driveway constitutes the
first meaningful market test of fuel cell
vehicles anywhere and will be targeted in three
geographic areas California, the New York
metropolitan area and Washington D.C.
12GM HydroGen3
- The vehicle, the latest in the HydroGen series,
is based on the Zafira, a popular five-passenger
vehicle from our Opel division in Germany. - Range - 249 miles/400 km (liquid storage) 168
miles/270 km (compressed) - Top Speed 99 mph/160 km
- Liquid hydrogen powers the fuel cell stack, which
supplies electricity to a battery, powering the
vehicle and emitting only clean water. - GM and Shell are partnering on a demonstration
program in Washington D.C., with a fleet of GMs
HydroGen3 fuel cell vehicles. - GM partnered with FedEx in Japan under the Japan
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project. - The HydroGen3 is part of the Clean Energy
Partnership in Berlin.
- Technology Hydrogen Fuel Cell
- Overview The HydroGen3 fuel cell vehicle marks
another important milestone along the way to
fitting passenger cars with an environmentally
compatible, resource-saving, fuel cell propulsion
system.
13GM Hy-Wire
- Technology Fuel cell and by-wire
- Overview Named for its combination of hydrogen
fuel cell and drive-by-wire technology, the
Hy-wire incorporates the features envisioned in
the AUTOnomy concept vehicle. All of its
propulsion and control systems are contained
within an 11-inch-thick skateboard-like chassis,
maximizing the interior space for five occupants
and their cargo.
This drivable prototype combines zero-emissions
with world-class fuel economy and the ability to
switch bodies to meet different needs.
14GM AUTOnomy
- Technology Fuel cell and by-wire (concept)
- Overview Designed from the ground up around a
fuel cell propulsion system, the AUTOnomy is the
first to combine fuel cells with x-by-wire
technology, which allows steering, braking amd
other vehicle systems to be controlled
electronically, rather than mechanically.
Through the combination of fuel cell and
x-by-wire technology, design is no longer
restricted to conventional configurations.
15GM Chevy Volt
- GM will announce plans to produce a
hydrogen-fueled version of the Volt concept
vehicle introduced in January at the Detroit auto
show. Like the original Volt, it would be a
plug-in powered by a lithium ion battery, but the
battery would be mated with a hydrogen fuel cell
system rather than a small gasoline engine. - The plug-in hydrogen Volt would have a 300-mile
range with combined battery and hydrogen power.
No petroleum products would be consumed and the
vehicle would be emissions-free.
www.detroitnews.com
16Daimler-Chrysler
17Jeep Commander 2
- The Jeep Commander 2, a luxury-class Sport
Utility Vehicle (SUV) powered by a fuel cell,
demonstrates that this environment-friendly drive
concept is also suitable for larger vehicles. The
tank of this SUV is filled with methanol from
which hydrogen is reformed on board the vehicle.
18Natrium
- The Natrium car is based on the Chrysler Town
Country minivan. It is powered by sodium
borohydride (NaBH4), a white salt whose molecules
are relatively rich in hydrogen. With the help of
a chemical catalyst, elementary hydrogen is
produced, which provides the energy for the fuel
cell. The Natrium has an operating range of 500
km and accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 16
seconds. It has a top speed of 129 km/h.
19Hermes Sprinter
- In 2001, DaimlerChrysler launched a cooperation
with the Hamburg delivery company Hermes Versand
Service to test the fuel cell Mercedes-Benz
Sprinter in everyday commercial operation. The
Mercedes-Benz van is fueled by gaseous hydrogen
it has a range of about 150 kilometers and
reaches a speed of 120 km/h with its 55 kW
electric motor. The fuel cell technology does not
restrict the load space of this van. In its first
year of operation, the Sprinter covered more than
16,000 kilometers and supplied 4,200 clients.
20Mercedes-Benz A-Class "F-Cell"
Christened "F-Cell", 60 of these cars from the
world's first small series of fuel-cell-powered
passenger cars were operated by customers in
cooperative ventures in Europe, the USA, Japan
and Singapore. From 2002 to 2007, several
customers took part in this project to test 60
F-cell A-Classes
under everyday operating conditions in their
respective geographic areas. One of these
customers is the car pool of the Federal
Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. Dr. Ewold Seeba,
Director of Department 1 in the Chancellors
Office, said, If we dont start trying to
reconcile our demand for universal mobility with
the need to protect the climate, well have no
globally applicable alternative to the car in the
coming decade. In other words, we should be
taking steps now to prepare new technologies for
market launch. The future needs pioneers.
21Mercedes-Benz A-Class "F-Cell(cont.)
- In the "F-Cell", the entire fuel cell system is
accommodated in the sandwich floor of the
long-wheelbase Mercedes-Benz A-Class. The
development of fuel cell technology will be
furthered mainly in practical operation involving
extensive field testing.
22Ford Motor Company
23Ford
Ford first began working on hydrogen technology
in the early 1990s. Fords first hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle, released in 2001, was based on a
lightweight aluminum sedan body, which also was
used in the development of the companys first
hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine.
The company currently has a fleet of 30
hydrogen-powered Focus fuel cell vehicles on the
road as part of a worldwide, seven-city program
to conduct real-world testing of fuel cell
technology. The fleet has accumulated more than
300,000 miles since its inception. With this
fleet on the ground, a great deal of information
that can be integrated into future fuel cell
vehicle propulsion systems is being generated in
different local environmental conditions.
24Fords FreedomCAR
- Creating a Hydrogen-Powered Transportation
System - The "Freedom" in FreedomCAR represents the
following - Freedom from petroleum dependence
- Freedom from pollutant emissions
- Freedom to choose the vehicle you want
- Freedom to drive where you want and when you
want - Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and
conveniently - The "CAR" in FreedomCAR stands for Cooperative
Automotive Research. The DOE and USCAR (a
partnership of Ford Motor Company,
DaimlerChrysler, and General Motors) represent
the government and industry in FreedomCAR. - The ultimate vision of FreedomCAR is a
transportation system powered by hydrogen.
25Fords FreedomCAR (cont.)
- Demonstrating Hydrogen's Potential
- The demonstration program begins this year with
the goal of validating hydrogen-powered vehicles
and infrastructure in real-world operating
conditions. We expect to participate in the
demonstration with Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicles
as the cornerstone of our participation. - To ensure that interim progress towards improving
energy efficiency continues, FreedomCAR also has
active research programs in battery development,
lightweight materials, clean combustion and power
electronics. - Currently, there are seven technical teams
working on the FreedomCAR project - Advanced Combustion and Emissions Control
- Electrochemical Storage
- Electrical and Electronics
- Fuel Cells
- Hydrogen Storage and Vehicle Interface
- Materials
- Systems Engineering and Analysis
26Ford Hydrogen Vehicles
Ford Edge Hydrogen Vehicle
Fuel Cell Powered Ford Explorer
Fords Hydrogen Fuel Cell Focus
2009 Hydrogen Ford Fusion
27Ford Airstream Concept
A shiny, hydrogen-powered PHEV funmobile
- The HySeries Drive is battery-powered, with
plug-in capability and has a hydrogen fuel cell
as an on-board charger. Ford estimates a combined
city/highway gasoline equivalent fuel economy
rating of 41 mpg. On all-electric power, the
Airstream concept can go 25 miles. Add some
hydrogen (ahh, if only it were so easy), and you
can go another 280 miles. The fuel cell, made by
Ballard, turns on automatically when the battery
charge dips below 40 percent. With the on-board
charger (110/220 VAC), the battery pack can be
refilled at home. Ford says the HySeries Drive is
50 percent smaller and less complex than
conventional fuel cell system and should have
more than double the lifetime.
HYSERIES DRIVE FORD CONCEPT FEATURES
BATTERY-POWERED, PLUG-IN HYBRID WITH A HYDROGEN
FUEL CELL
www.autobloggreen.com
28Other Automakers
29Honda FCX
- The FCX Concept is a key stage in Honda's
development of fuel cell technology and will be
the basis for a totally new fuel cell vehicle
which the company is currently developing.
Limited marketing of this new vehicle is on
target to begin in 2008 in Japan and the U.S. and
the focus will be to deliver a new dimension in
environmentally friendly driving pleasure not
found with petrol-engine vehicles. - To meet Honda's objectives for significant gains
in both environmental and driving performance,
the FCX Concept is equipped with a V Flow fuel
cell platform. In previous fuel cell stacks the
hydrogen and the water formed in electricity
generation flowed horizontally, this vehicle
features a vertical-flow design.
This allows gravity to assist in discharging the
water that is produced, resulting in a major
improvement in water drainage - key to
high-efficiency fuel stack performance - and
achieving a higher output from a smaller
package. This new fuel cell stack is 20 percent
smaller and 30 percent lighter than the current
FCX FC Stack, yet its power output is 14kW
greater. The drive motor has been positioned
coaxially with the gearbox for a more compact
design, with output increased by 15kW.
30Honda FCX (cont.)
- Overall, the power plant is about 180kg lighter
than that of the current FCX and about 40 percent
smaller in volume. The V Flow fuel cell platform
also has allowed the designers to create an
elegant, low-riding, sedan form that would have
been difficult to achieve in a conventional fuel
cell vehicle. The result is improved energy
efficiency and performance along with a more
spacious interior. - Low-temperature startup has also been
significantly improved, enabling cold-weather
starts at temperatures 10C lower than the
current FCX- as low as minus 30C. - As an auxiliary power source, the FCX Concept
carries a compact, high-efficiency lithium ion
battery, contributing to increased power output
and a more compact power plant. These efficiency
improvements to major power plant components give
the vehicle a travel range approximately 30
percent greater than the current FCX. - Limited marketing of a totally new fuel cell
vehicle based on the FCX Concept model is to
begin in Japan and the US in a couple of years.
31Toyota FCHV-5
Toyota announced that an improved version of its
FCHV fuel cell hybrid vehicle successfully
completed a 560 km road test by traveling from
Osaka to Tokyo on a single fueling of hydrogen.
The entire trip was completed with the air
conditioner on and with no need to stop for
refueling.
The FCHV used in the trip is 25 more fuel
efficient than earlier versions, due to
improvements in the high-performance Toyota FC
Stack fuel cell and to improvements in the
control system for managing fuel cell output and
battery charging/discharging. It also features
70Mpa high-pressure hydrogen tanks capable of
storing approximately twice the amount of
hydrogen as the previous FCHVs 35Mpa
high-pressure hydrogen tanks. These improvements
make it possible to achieve a single-fueling
cruising distance of approximately 750km.
32Hyundai i-Blue Concept
- The i-Blue demonstrates a significant step toward
commercialization of Hyundai fuel-cell vehicles,
noting that for the first time its fuel-cell
prototype is embodied in a 22 crossover vehicle
instead of an SUV. The i-Blue is powered by a 100
kW (134 hp) motor powered by a fuel cell. The
automaker said it is capable of running nearly
375 miles per refueling and has a maximum speed
of 102.5 mph.
www.edmunds.com
33Hydrogen Vehicles
- HYDROGEN CARS
- Audi A2H2 CarBMW HR2 Race Car BMW Hydrogen 7
Daihatsu Tanto FCHVFiat Panda Concept Ford
Airstream Concept Ford Explorer Fuel Cell Ford
Flexible Series Edge Ford Focus FCV Ford Model
U Ford Super Chief Truck Giugiaro Vadho GM
Chevy Equinox FC GM Chevy Volt
HYDROGEN CARS (cont.) GM Electrovan GM H2H
Hummer SUT GM Hy-wire Concept GM HydroGen
MinivanGM Sequel ConceptHonda FCX Hyundai
i-Blue Hyundai Tucson FCEV Kia Sportage FCEV
Mazda 5 Premacy RE Mazda RX-8 REMercedes
B-Class F-CellMercedes F600 HygeniusMitsubishi
Nessie SUV
HYDROGEN CARS (cont.) Nissan X-Trail FCV
Peugeot 207 Epure Suzuki Ionis MiniThink FC5
CarThink Nordic CarToyota FCHV SUVToyota
Fine-T (Fine-X)Volkswagen HyMotion OTHER H2
VEHICLES ETH Zurich PAC-Car IIIntelligent
Energy ENVPeugeot Citroen QuarkQuantum Aggressor
www.hydrogencarsnow.com
34Hydrogen Implementation
Source General Motors Corporation
Home Hydrogen Unit Just another home appliance?
35Hydrogen Implementation
- Vancouver Hydrogen highway infrastructure
- In operation by 2010 Winter Olympics
36Hydrogen Implementation
- March 2007--California Hydrogen highway
infrastructure - 24 existing stations
- 170 stations in operation by 2010
- Over 167 cars in operation
Image take from California Fuel Cell
Partnership www.cafcp.org/fuel-vehl_map.html Upda
ted 3/2007
37Hydrogen Implementation
- Liquid Fuels
- Carbon sequestration is less necessary
- Costs are competitive with gasoline production
- Combining carbon and hydrogen using proven
processes with credible cost data - Synfuels from coal--Separating C from flue gases
of coal plantsFischerTropsch reaction - Synfuels based on the olefin moleculegas and
diesel fuel - Gasification of carbon in fossil fuelsreact with
H2
38Hydrogen Implementation
- Storing Hydrogen for the future
- Metal Hydridespowdered or granulated metals, e.
g. magnesium hydride - Complex Hydridesaluminum, boron, sodium,
magnesium - Carbon nanotubes
- Porous-walled, hollow glass microspheres
39Supplier and Consumer Concerns
- Safety?
- Efficiency?
- Costs of buying and selling?
- Solution Well designed and optimized
engineered systems.
40Design of Hydrogen Systems
- Requires accurate properties of hydrogen
- Custom experimental measurements are generally
not practical - All thermodynamic properties from an Equation of
State (EOS) - All transport properties from a separate
formulation - EOS and transport formulations accurately
represent published experimental data
41Questions?
Source General Motors Corporation
41