Topic 4 Transportation Terminals

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Topic 4 Transportation Terminals

• The Function of Transport Terminals
• Ports and Rail Terminals
• Airport Terminals
• Terminals and Security

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A The Function of Transport Terminals

• 1. Transport Terminals
• 2. Passengers Terminals
• 3. Freight Terminals
• 4. Terminal Costs

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1. Transport Terminals

• Concept
• All spatial flows involve movements between
  terminals
• Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips.
• Cannot travel individually, but in batches.
• People have to go to bus terminals and airports
  first to reach their final destinations.
• Freight has to reach a port, a rail yard or a
  distribution center before onward shipment.
• Terminals are essential links in transportation
  chains
• Consolidation.
• Deconsolidation.
• Transshipment.

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1. Transport Terminals

• Definition
• Any location where freight and passengers either
  originates, terminates, or is handled in the
  transportation process.
• Central and intermediate locations
• Points of interchange within the same modal
  system.
• Insure a continuity of the flows.
• Particularly the case for modern air and port
  operations.
• Require specific facilities to accommodate the
  traffic they handle.
• Points of interchange within the same mode.
• Points of transfer between modes.

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Major Features of Transport Terminals
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Centrality and Intermediacy
Centrality
Intermediacy
Gateway
Range
Hub (Interception)
Hub (Transcalar)
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2. Passengers Terminals

• Overview
• Passenger terminals require relatively little
  specific equipment.
• Simple structures.
• Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters,
  food services).
• Airports
• The most complex terminals.
• Passengers may spend several hours in the
  terminal.
• Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage
  pick up and customs and immigration on
  international arrivals.
• Wide range of services.
• Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.

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Main Concourse, Madrid Airport, Spain
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3. Freight Terminals

• Specialized entities
• Specific loading and unloading equipment.
• Wide range of handling gear is required.
• Differentiated functionally
• Mode (maritime, rail).
• Commodities (oil, grain, coal).
• Bulk, general cargo and container terminals.
• Warehousing
• Assembling bundles of goods
• Time-consuming and storage may be required.
• Specialized infrastructures
• Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated
  warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.

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Main Types of Freight Terminals
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Modal Separation in Space Europa Terminal in
Antwerp
Barges
Trucks
Rail
Deepsea services
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4. Terminal Costs
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Terminal Costs
Cost
C1
C2
C3
Road
Rail
Maritime
T3
T2
T1
Distance
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B Ports and Rail Terminals

• 1. Port Sites
• 2. Port Functions
• 3. Rail Terminals

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1. Port Sites

• Ports
• Convergence between two domains of freight
  circulation
• Land and maritime domains.
• Facilitates convergence between land transport
  and maritime systems.
• Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than
  any other types of terminals combined.
• Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment
  activities.
• Administration
• Submitted to authorities.
• Regulating infrastructure investments, its
  organization and development and its
  relationships with customers using its services.

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1. Port Sites
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Harbor Types
Coastal Natural
Coastal Breakwater
River Basins
River Tide Gates
Coastal Tide Gates
River Natural
Canal or Lake
Open Roadstead
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Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth
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The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model)
Expansion
Setting
Specialization
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4
4
3
2
5
1
2
3
4
4
Rail
Terminal facilities
Downtown
Reconversion
Water depth
Highway
Urban expansion
Port-related activities
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Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam
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2. Port Functions

• Main functions
• Supply services to freight (warehousing,
  transshipment, etc.).
• Supply services to ships (piers, refueling,
  repairs, etc.).
• Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal.
• Hong Kong
• Natural site.
• Geographical position of a transit harbor for
  southern China.
• Singapore
• Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca.
• Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation.
• New York
• Gateway of the North American Midwest.
• Hudson / Erie canal system.

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2. Port Functions

• Port activities
• About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide.
• Less than 100 ports have a global importance.
• High level of concentration in a limited number
  of large ports.
• Linked to maritime access and infrastructure
  development.
• Gateways of continental distribution systems.
• Containerization has substantially changed port
  dynamics.
• Port types
• Monofunctionnal ports
• Transit a limited array of commodities, most
  often dry or liquid bulks.
• Specialized piers.
• Polyfunctionnal ports
• Several transshipment and industrial activities
  are present.
• Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.

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Traffic at the 50 Largest Container Ports, 2006
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Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal
Rail
Road
Container crane
Docking area
Administration
Empties
On dock rail terminal
Gate
Container storage
Repair / maintenance
Truck loading / unloading
Chassis storage
Loading / unloading area
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Port Elizabeth, New York
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2. Port Functions

• Intermediate hubs
• Usage of a port terminal for transmodal
  operations.
• Reduce the number of port calls and increase the
  throughput of the port calls left.
• Frequency and the timeliness of services can be
  improved.
• Hub-and-spoke
• Interface between short distance feeder lines and
  long distance deep-sea lines, linking regional
  and global shipping networks.
• Relay
• Point of interchange between several long
  distance shipping lines.
• Interlining
• Interface between several pendulum routes along
  the same maritime range, but servicing a
  different array of port calls.

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The Insertion of Intermediate Hub Terminals
Hub-and-Spoke
Relay
Interlining
Deep-sea line
Feeder
Hub
85 of Transshipment Traffic
15 of Transshipment Traffic
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Worlds Main Intermediate Hubs, 2007
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2. Port Functions

• Problems related to port infrastructures
• Ports along rivers are continuously facing
  dredging problems.
• Width of rivers is strongly limiting capacity
• Rarely a port along a river has the capacity to
  handle Post Panamax ships.
• Lateral spread of infrastructures (Seaports).
• Congestion in central areas.
• Port / city competition for land (waterfront
  development).

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3. Rail Terminals

• Location
• Not as space-extensive as airports and ports.
• Suffer less from site constraints
• Many established prior to the Second World War.
• Cities were more compact and land acquisition was
  easier.
• Passengers and freight terminals
• Different locations.
• Central railway stations
• Feature of most cities and tend to be located in
  downtown areas.
• Key elements of urban centrality and activity.
• Freight rail stations
• Consume more space.
• Tend to be located at the periphery.
• Older yards tend to be located at the margin of
  CBDs.

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Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam
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TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France
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Antwerp Centraal Train Station, Belgium
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Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France
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Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal
Classification Yard
Classification Yard
Intermodal Yard
Repair / maintenance
Gate / Administration
Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage
Chassis storage
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Bedford Rail Yard, Chicago
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C Airport Terminals

• 1. Airport Sites
• 2. Airport Functions

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1. Airport Sites

• Concept
• Airports act as the main technical support of air
  transport.
• Increased pressures on terminals
• Expansion of existing terminals.
• New terminals construction.
• Replace airports no longer able to cope with the
  increased traffic.
• International / Regional
• Role and function in the international and
  regional urban system.
• Centrality (being an origin and destination of
  air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway
  between destinations).
• Local
• Level of accessibility of the airport over the
  metropolitan area it services.
• Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and
  from the airport's terminals.

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Geographical Scales of Airport Location
International / Regional
Local
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1. Airport Sites

• Local site requirements.
• Airfields
• Runways and parking areas.
• Long enough to accommodate the takeoff and
  landing of commercial planes.
• About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet) are required for
  a 747 to takeoff.
• Slope (less 1), altitude and meteorological
  conditions.
• About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per
  hour are possible on a commercial runway under
  optimal conditions.
• Terminals
• Freight and passenger transit infrastructures.
• Infrastructures for plane accommodation.
• Linked with local transport systems.

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Air Terminals
Airfield
Isle
Shuttles
Terminal
Terminal
2
3
1
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OHare Airport Modernization Program
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Airport Location Factors
City Center
Low
High
High
Commuting radius
High
Low
Low
Benefits
Externalities
Suitability
Location Ring
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Distance from CBD and Age of the Worlds 30
Largest Airports
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1. Airport Sites

• Land requirements
• Land required by modern airport operations is
  considerable
• Landing and take off of planes.
• Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit
  the noise generated.
• Parking areas in airports located in car
  dependent cities.
• Peripheral sites
• Sufficient quantities of land available.
• The more recently an airport was constructed, the
  more likely this airport is to be located far
  from the city center.
• Expansion and relocation
• Extremely difficult.
• Most airports have grown at locations chosen in
  the 1950s and 1960s.
• Most airports are now surrounded.
• Only sites available are far from the urban core.

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Recently Completed Airports by Cost
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Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal
Northern runway
Train station
Passenger terminal
Future Terminal Expansion
Light Rail System
Southern runway
Logistics and cargo area
To Kowloon and Hong Kong
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Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport
Terminal
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Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan
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Aerial View of the Dallas / Fort Worth Airport
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Phosavan Airfeild, Laos
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2. Airport Functions

• Airport activities
• Terminal activities
• Parking, ground transportation, checking in,
  baggage-claiming, restoration, retailing and
  maintenance.
• Provide services to passengers and freight.
• Airfield activities
• Loading and unloading planes, maintenance and
  traffic control.
• Provide services to aircrafts.
• Economic functions
• Improved economic opportunities.
• Employment (USA)
• 500 billion of economic activity.
• 1.9 million direct and 4.8 million indirect jobs.
• Global service activities.
• Passengers and freight airports.

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Passenger Traffic at the Worlds Largest
Airports, 2004
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Freight Traffic at the Worlds Largest Airports,
2005
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Tons of Landed Freight at Major US Airports, 2003
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D Terminal Security

• 1. Passengers
• 2. Freight

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1. Passengers

• A focus on terminals
• Access is monitored and controlled.
• Movements are channeled along pathways that
  provide safe access to and from platforms and
  gates.
• Safety and theft have been a concern for freight
  terminals.
• Airports
• Focus of security concerns for many decades.
• High-jacking aircraft came to the fore in the
  1970s
• Terrorist groups in the Middle East exploited the
  lack of security to commandeer planes for ransom
  and publicity.
• Established screening procedures for passengers
  and bags.
• Reductions in hijackings
• Terrorists changed their tactics by placing bombs
  in un-accompanied luggage and packages,

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1. Passengers

• Hub-and-spoke networks
• Strain on the security process.
• Disparities in the effectiveness of passenger
  screening.
• Impacts of September 11, 2001
• Department of Homeland Security established the
  Transportation Security Authority (TSA).
• Strict new security measures
• Restricting access to airport facilities.
• Fortifying cockpits.
• Extensive security screening of passengers.
• Screening
• More rigorous inspections of passengers and their
  baggage at airports.
• Biometric identification for foreign nationals
  (fingerprint, facial recognition).

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1. Passengers

• Costs
• All screeners (45,000) are now part of the
  Federal workforce.
• Purchase of screening machinery and training of
  personnel.
• Additional delays and aggravation for passengers.
• Downturn in air transport.
• Some passengers may switch to other modes.

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2. Freight

• Issues
• Less regulated and greater international
  dimensions.
• Illegal immigrants, drug smuggling, piracy.
• The container makes it extremely difficult to
  identify illicit and/or dangerous cargoes.
• Hubbing
• Compounds the problem.
• Large numbers of containers are required to be
  handled with minimum delays and inconvenience.
• Automated Identity System
• Permanently marked and visible identity number.
• Record maintained of flag, port of registry and
  address of the registered owner.

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2. Freight

• Each port must undertake a security assessment
• Assets and facilities.
• Effects of damages that might be caused.
• Evaluate the risks, and identify weaknesses to
  security.
• Customs clearance
• All cargoes destined for the US.
• Prior to the departure of the ship.
• Biometric identification for seafarers to be
  implemented and that national databases of
  sailors to be maintained.

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Supply Chain Security Dimensions
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Supply Chain Security Measures
Bottom line A matter of trust