CLIMATIC CONTROL

1
CLIMATIC CONTROL In the Pyramids of Giza - Egypt
Comfort, Air Quality, and Energy Utilization
ASHRAE Distinguished Lecture Fort Myers
,USA MARCH 2006
WINTER
SUMMER
Prof. Dr. Essam E. Khalil Professor of Mechanical
Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt Chairman of
Egyptian Air-Conditioning Code Committee Convenor
ISO TC205 WG2
2
Contents
FLUENT
3DTHVAC

• Scope and Motivation
• Historical Background
• Governing Equations
• Numerical Scheme
• Computational Grids
• Proposed Designs
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusions

3
OUR GOAL
Our Task is to preserve the artifacts in the
tombs by removing excessive humidity and to
provide adequate amount of air at the conditions
in which for health humans the lungs, and
frequently the heart and lungs, are able to
sufficiently oxygenate the blood and body tissue.
Often, the ability to excrete CO2 as well.
4
Outdoor design conditions
Cairo
Alexandria
Luxor
Hurghada
Aswan
Sharm ElSheikh
. . .
More
5
Timeline
There is evidence of human activity in
northeastern Africa since the Middle Pleistocene
Period. By the Middle and Upper Paleolithic,
between 90,000 to 10,000 years ago, there was a
gradual movement of hunter-gatherer populations
into the prehistoric Nile Valley and the drying
lake and savannah regions of the Eastern Sahara
precipitated by climatic changes. Traces of these
early peoples survive in the forms of stone tools
and rock carvings on the higher terraces along
the Nile (including the western Theban plateau)
and in the oases. As the nomadic hunter-gatherers
came to settle along the edges of the Nile
Valley, a transition to a settled lifestyle
dependent on agriculture took place.
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Khafra Pyramids
10
Menkaura Pyramids
11
(No Transcript)
12
Khufu's Inside Story

• King Khufu, who is also known by the greek
  name "Cheops," was the father of pyramid building
  at Giza. He ruled from 2589 - 2566 B.C. and was
  the son of King Sneferu and Queen
  Hetpeheres.Dates Built c. 2589-2566
  B.C.Total Blocks of Stone over
  2,300,000Base 13 square acres, 568,500 square
  feet, or 7 city blocks. The length of each side
  of the base was originally 754 feet (230 m), but
  is now 745 feet (227 m) due to the loss of the
  outer casing stones.Total Weight 6.5 million
  tonsAverage Weight of Individual Blocks of
  Stone 2.5 tons, the large blocks used for the
  ceiling of the King's Chamber weigh as much as 9
  tons.Height Originally 481 feet (146.5 m)
  tall, but now only 449 feet (137 m).Angle of
  Incline 51 degrees 50' 35"Construction
  Material limestone, granite

13
(No Transcript)
14
CLIMATIC CONTROL In the Tombs of Valley of the
Kings - Egypt Comfort, Air Quality, and Energy
Utilization
ASHRAE DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Fort Myers
,Florida,USA 8th March 2006
WINTER
SUMMER
Prof. Dr. Essam E. Khalil Professor of Mechanical
Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt Chairman of
Egyptian Air-Conditioning Code Committee Chairman
of Arab Air-Conditioning Code Committee Convenor
ISO TC205 WG2
15
??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????
?????? ???????

• FLOW REGIMES, THERMAL AND HUMIDITY PATTERNS IN
  VENTILATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOMBS, VALLEY OF THE
  KINGS, LUXOR
• ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
  ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????

16
Contents
FLUENT
3DTHVAC

• Scope and Motivation
• Historical Background
• Governing Equations
• Numerical Scheme
• Computational Grids
• Proposed Designs
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusions

17
OUR GOAL
Our Task is to preserve the artifacts in the
tombs by removing excessive humidity and to
provide adequate amount of air at the conditions
in which for health humans the lungs, and
frequently the heart and lungs, are able to
sufficiently oxygenate the blood and body tissue.
Often, the ability to excrete CO2 as well.
18
Introductory Scope and Motivation
Main Airflow characteristics in ventilated and
air-conditioned spaces play an important role to
attain comfort and hygiene conditions. This paper
utilizes a 3D time-dependent Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) model to assess the airflow
characteristics in different archeological tombs
in the Valley of the Kings. Still all the
factors and evaluation indices have the shortage
to describe the influence of the recirculation
zones on the occupancy zone and also on the fresh
supplied air. The model of evaluation should
assess the airflow characteristics in any
enclosure according to its position in the
enclosure and the expected utilization target
along its pass to the extraction.
Research Objectives In a serious attempt to
save the tombs of the Valley of the Kings and to
provide a unique climate in the tombs, the
present lecture aims at soliciting the interest
of International Experts and promote
collaboration joint research to best methods to
control the climate in these archeological tombs.
Scope of work includes recommendation of
technical procedures, equipment and controls to
achieve climate that is clean, does not enhance
the deterioration of organic and lnon-organic
materials in the tombs. Air conditioning versus
ventilation are to be considered. The extraction
intakes play an important role in the main flow
pattern and the creation of main recirculation
zones.

• The internal obstacles can offend the airflow
  pattern by different ways, such as, by increasing
  the recirculation zones or by deflecting the main
  airflow pattern.
• The primary objective of the present work is to
  assess the airflow characteristics and energy
  consumption in the different air-conditioned
  configurations in view of basic known flow
  characteristics.. Basically, different airside
  designs are considered here including different
  obstacle alternative positioning to introduce the
  capability of each design to provide the optimum
  characteristics. The full description of the
  parameters used in the parametric cases is
  discussed later.

19
Outdoor design conditions
Cairo
Alexandria
Luxor
Hurghada
Aswan
Sharm ElSheikh
. . .
More
20
Universities in Egypt
Brief Historical Overview

• Ancient Egypt (in Pharaohnic ages) contains many
  sources of education
• Craft Schools.
• (Manf School)
• Religion Institutes.
• (Teba (Luxor) School)
• International Universities.
• (Ouan (Heliopolis) University)
• International Libraries.
• (Alexandria Library)

21
Universities in Egypt
Continue
Ouan (Heliopolis) University
The Ouan University was founded in the later of
the ancient nation. This university concerned
about the religional and theological studies.
Also it graduates the Amoun priests. The
engineering, physical, and astronomy studies have
a great share in this university.
This University was founded in the later of the
ancient nation.
22
Universities in Egypt
Continue
Alexandria University and Library
The Alexandrian Library and Museum were founded,
and influential schools of philosophy, rhetoric,
and other branches of ancient learning were
established. During the early 3rd century BC, the
Alexandria Library had almost 500,000 volumes,
the largest collection of books in the ancient
world. However, the collection was destroyed over
several centuries. Under the Ptolemies, the city
became the literary and scientific center of the
ancient world.
This University and Library was founded early
3rd century BC.
23
THEBES
24
General
The Higher education system in Egypt is well
established over the years with National
University established as early as 1907 on the
integration of even older High schools of
Engineering, Medicine of 1825.
14 Universities (Government owned and managed). 7
Universities (Private). American University in
Cairo German University in Cairo (GUC) French
University in Cairo (UFC)
25
Universities in Egypt
Continue
Cairo University has successfully been
undertaking its mission of delivering education,
research and cultural duties over the years. It
is considered as the mother university among
other younger universities in Egypt. Cairo
University is also offering its education and
research facilities to Arab and foreign students
and scientists and has become well known
worldwide. Currently, Cairo University includes
23 Faculties and Institutes 275,000 Students 5,0
00 Faculty members 2,361 Assistant lecturers and
demonstrators 12,233 Employees. 100 Scientific
Research Centers and units of Private
Character. 1 Hospital for the
students 1 Printing press 1 Central library as
well as libraries for the faculties.
Cairo University
26
Universities in Egypt
Continue
Alexandria University
Alexandria University is situated in the heart of
Alexandria city. It started in the form of two
satellite Faculties of "Fouad I University", now
Cairo University , these were the Faculty of Arts
and Faculty of Law in the Academic year
1938/1939. The period from 1941 to 1983 has
witnessed the great growth and expansion of the
University in almost every direction. Currently,
Alexandria University includes 21 Faculties
and Institutes 120,555 Undergraduate
students 10,020 Graduate students 75,577 Total
enrollment 3,663 Faculty members 1,588 Assistant
lecturers and
demonstrators 11,353 Support staff
27
Universities in Egypt
Continue
Asyut University
Established in Asyut in Upper Egypt since
1957. Currently, Asyut University includes
14 Faculties and Institutes Undergraduate
students Graduate students Total
enrollment Faculty members Assistant lecturers
and demonstrators Support
staff 1 Scientific Research Centers and units of
Private Character.
28
Current Research Activities

• TMP Theban Mapping Project
• Dr.Kent Weeks, AUC ,Egypt
• SCA
• Dr.Zahi Hawas,SCA,Egypt
• ISL PROJECT
• Eng.S.Lorenz,ISL,Germany
• CAPSCU
• Dr.Essam E. Khalil,CUFE,Egypt

29
VALLEY OF KINGS
30
Current Research

• Dr.Kent Weeks, AUC ,Egypt
• Extract from Web Site WWW.KV5.com

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
Valley of the Kings
36
Ramsis VII
37
Entrance to KV1 ,Ramsis VII
38
KV1- Ramsis VII
39
Ramsis VII Tomb Layout
Entrance to Second Chamber
Entrance to Third Chamber
Entrance
Total length 44.26 m Average Width 4.5 m Average
Height 4.26 m
sarcophagus
40
Ramsis VII Layout
41
Ramsis VII sarcophagus
42
KING TUTANKHAMON
43
LAYOUT OF KING TUT TOMB
Entrance

Sarcophagus
44
SECTIONALIZED VIEW
45
INSIDE THE BURRIAL PLACE
46
WALL PAINTS
47
Basic Requirements

• Basic Requirements include
• Preserve the tombs and their archeological
  contents
• No excessive Humidity Ratio.
• No high air Velocity near Paintings.
• No Mechanical Vibrating Installations.
• No permanent Installations
• Adequate up lighting

48
Outdoor design conditions
Cairo
49
Outdoor design conditions
Luxor
41 0C
25
50
Ventilation Studies in Buildings
51
Introduction
Wall Paintings
52
Introduction
Existing Ventilation Systems
53
Introduction
Existing Ventilation Systems
54
Introduction
Local Instruments
55
Lighting Facilities
56
Governing Equations

• Mass Conservation

• Momentum Conservation

57
Governing Equations

• Energy Equation

• Species Transport Equation

58
Governing Equations

• Turbulence Modeling

• k-e model
• Turbulent kinetic Energy (k)

• Dissipation Rate Epsilon (e)

59
Wall Function
60
Numerical Model
Tomb Architecture, KV1
Tomb-RamsisVII-Low-Res-no-cfd.avi
61
Numerical Model
Tomb Architecture, KV9
62
Numerical Model
Tomb Architecture, KV62
63
Numerical Model
Human Model
64
Numerical Model
Human Model

• The visitors bodies are considered as isothermal
  walls kept at the human skin temperature of 37ºC
  due to the weak clothing of the tourist in Luxor.
  Furthermore, it is assumed that there is no
  diffusive flux.
• The visitors faces are considered as isothermal
  walls kept at the human skin temperature of 37ºC
  as well. Also it is assumed that there is a
  specified species mass fraction of 0.0411
  kgw/kgd.a in order to take into account the sweat
  effect in moisture gain to the tomb airflow.

65
Numerical Model
Segregated Solution Algorithm
66
Numerical Model
Solver

• The CFD simulations were carried using a
  commercial CFD code, Fluent 6.2.
• Mesh generation were carried out using Gambit.
• Finite volume approach is used instead of Finite
  difference.

Structured Grid Finite difference Extra points
are needed to account for boundaries
Tetrahedral mesh Finite volume
67
Numerical Model
Solver Controls

• Segregated solver
• 3D configurations
• Steady state
• Second order upwind discretization
• Standard Pressure interpolation scheme
• SIMPLEC pressure velocity coupling
• Under-relaxation
• Pressure 0.3
• Momentum 0.7
• Turbulence 0.8
• Energy 1
• Species 1

68
Some of the effects of high humidity

• Corrosion of Steel and metal
• Deteriorated characteristics of hygroscopic
  material
• Increased activity of micro organisms

69
Dehumidification Techniques

• Heating
• Cooling and Dehumidifying
• Chemical Dehydration
• Using Compression to Dry Air
• Reducing Temperature to Dry Air
• Using Sorbents to Dry Air
• Silica Gel Information
• "fast and extra adsorbent" Silica Gel is
  manufactured to the highest specifications.
  Inert, non-toxic, and safe to use,

70
Measuring Techniques
71
KV1 Rameses VII

• General Site Information
• Structure KV 1Location Valley of the Kings,
  East Valley, Thebes West Bank, ThebesOwner
  Rameses VIIOther designations 1 Hay, 1
  Lepsius, 7 Champollion, A Pococke, Ier
  Tombeau à l'ouest Description, O Burton
• Site type TombDescription The entrance is cut
  into the base of a hill at the end of the first
  northwest branch wadi. This unfinished tomb
  comprises an open entryway ramp (A), corridor B,
  vaulted burial chamber J, and an unfinished
  chamber (K) with a rear recess. The walls are
  decorated with excerpts from the Book of Gates
  (chamber K), Book of Caverns (corridor B), Book
  of the Earth (burial chamber J), Opening of the
  Mouth ritual (corridor B), and the deceased with
  deities (corridor B, chamber K, burial chamber
  J). The ceilings are painted with motifs of
  flying vultures and astronomical figures. There
  are 135 Greek, and several demotic, Coptic, and
  nineteenth century graffiti in the tomb,
  indicating that KV 1 has been accessible since
  antiquity.

Site History At the time of the king's death in
his seventh regnal year, work on the tomb's third
corridor (now chamber K) was abandoned and the
second corridor was enlarged and became burial
chamber J. A break in the end of the granite pit
cover was made by robbers to gain access to the
burial. The tomb was used by Christian monks or
hermits as a dwelling. Dating This site was used
during the following period(s)New Kingdom,
Dynasty 20, Rameses VIIByzantine
PeriodGraeco-Roman Era
72

• Measurements
• Maximum height 4.25 mMinimum width 2.74
  mMaximum width 5.17 mTotal length 44.3
  mTotal area 163.56 m²Total volume 463.01 m³
• Additional Tomb Information
• Entrance location End of spurOwner type
  KingEntrance type RampInterior layout
  Corridor and chambersAxis type Straight
• Decoration
• Graffiti Painting Sunk relief
• Categories of Objects Recovered
• Architectural elements Domestic
  equipment Furniture Tomb equipment Vegetal
  remains Vessel stands Written documents

Site Location Latitude 25.44 NLongitude 32.36
EElevation 171.219 mslNorth 99,803.743East
94,006.256JOG map reference NG 36-10Modern
governorate Qena (Qina)Ancient name 4th Upper
EgyptianSurveyed by TMP Yes
73
Grid independency Check
(x, y, z) (22, 2.52,1.8)
(22, -0.38,1.8)
74
Grid Independency Check
75
KV1
General Flow Pattern, Mechanical Extraction
76
KV1
General Flow Pattern, Mechanical Supply
77
KV1
Velocity Vectors, Mechanical Extraction
78
KV1
Velocity Vectors, Mechanical Supply
79
KV1
Turbulence Levels, Mechanical Extraction
80
KV1
Turbulence Levels, Mechanical Supply
81
KV1
Temperature Profiles, Different Outside Air
Conditions
September
August
October
February
August
October
February
September
82
KV1
Temperature Profiles, Different Airside System
Designs
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
83
ACH 7
84
ACH 0.7, Almost Simulating the Current Case
85
Relative Humidity Effect
86
KV1
Relative Humidity Profiles, Different Outside Air
Conditions
September
August
October
February
August
October
February
September
87
KV1
Relative Humidity Profiles, Different Airside
system designs
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
88
KV1
Relative Humidity Profiles, Different Visitor
Profiles
12 Visitors
16 Visitors
20 Visitors
24 Visitors
No Visitors
89
KV1
Relative Humidity Profiles, Different Visitor
Profiles
12 Visitors
16 Visitors
20 Visitors
24 Visitors
90
ACH 7
91
ACH 0.7, Almost Simulating the Current Case
92
Simulations of Humidity Contours
KV1
93
KV09 (Rameses V and VI)

• Maximum height 6.92 mMinimum width 2.48
  mMaximum width 13.03 mTotal length 116.84
  mTotal area 510.07 m²Total volume 1572.26 m³
• Additional Tomb Information
• Entrance location Base of sheer cliffOwner
  type KingEntrance type RampInterior layout
  Corridors and chambersAxis type Straight
• Decoration
• Graffiti Painting Sunk relief
• Dating This site was used during the following
  period(s)New Kingdom, Dynasty 20, Rameses VNew
  Kingdom, Dynasty 20, Rameses VINew Kingdom,
  Dynasty 20, Rameses IXGraeco-Roman EraByzantine
  Period

MEASUREMENTS
94
KV9 Parametric Cases
95
KV9
General Flow Pattern, Different Airside System
Designs
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
96
KV9
Turbulence Levels, Mechanical Extraction
97
KV9
Turbulence Levels, Mechanical Supply
98
KV9
Temperature Distribution, Different Airside
System Design
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
99
KV9
Temperature Distribution, Different Airside
System Design
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
100
KV9
Relative Humidity Distribution, Different Airside
System Designs
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
101
KV9
Relative Humidity Distribution, Different Airside
System Designs
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of
the Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on One Side of the
Tomb
Extraction, Floor Mount Grills on Both Sides of
the Tomb
Supply, Floor Mount Grills at the Center of the
Tomb
102
KV9
Relative Humidity Distribution, Different
Visitors Profiles
28 Visitors
53 Visitors
84 Visitors
103
KV9
Relative Humidity Distribution, Different
Visitors Profiles
53 Visitors
28 Visitors
84 Visitors
104
KV9
Near Wall Relative Humidity Distribution
105
KV62

• Description
• KV 62, located in the main wadi, is the
  most famous tomb in the world because of the
  treasures it held intact for over three thousand
  years.
• The entryway A is cut into the floor of the
  valley below the beginning of the entry ramp of
  KV 9, the tomb of Rameses VI.
• Even before the construction of KV 9,
  debris had already been dumped on top of the KV
  62 entrance. The tomb was forgotten and a group
  of Rameside workmen's huts were built over it
  later in antiquity.
• A descending corridor (B) leads to a
  rectangular chamber (I) with a side chamber (Ia).
  The burial chamber J opens off the right (north)
  end of chamber I with its floor level one meter
  lower. Another side chamber (Ja), is located off
  the right (east) wall of the burial chamber J.
  Howard Carter believed that the four chambers of
  KV 62, although small, relate directly to lower
  parts of more traditional royal tomb plans. The
  walls of the tomb were smoother but, except for
  burial chamber J, were left undecorated. The
  burial chamber J is decorated with scenes from
  the Opening of the Mouth ritual, Imydwat, Book of
  the Dead, and representations of the king with
  various deities.

Structure KV 62Location Valley of the Kings,
East Valley, Thebes West Bank, ThebesOwner
TutankhamenOther designationsSite type Tomb
106

• Noteworthy features This tomb originally
  designed for a non-royal personage nevertheless
  was used for royal burial, and possessed a nearly
  intact set of burial equipment.Axis in degrees
  271.68Axis orientation West
• Site Location
• Latitude 25.44 NLongitude 32.36 EElevation
  170.55 mslNorth 99,572.277East 94,069.638JOG
  map reference NG 36-10Modern governorate Qena
  (Qina)Ancient name 4th Upper EgyptSurveyed by
  TMP Yes
• Measurements
• Maximum height 3.68 mMinimum width 0.66
  mMaximum width 7.86 mTotal length 30.79
  mTotal area 109.83 m²Total volume 277.01 m³

107

• Additional Tomb Information
• Entrance location Base of sloping hillOwner
  type KingEntrance type StaircaseInterior
  layout Corridor and chambersAxis type Bent
• Decoration
• Painting
• Categories of Objects Recovered
• Accessories Clothing Cosmetic equipment
  Furniture Game components Human mummies
  Lighting equipment Models Mummy trappings
  Scarabs and seals Sculpture Tomb equipment
  Transport Vegetal remains Vessels Warfare and
  hunting equipment

108
KV62 Parametric Cases
109
KV62
General Flow Pattern
110
KV62
Temperature Distribution
Mechanical Extraction, 25 visitors
Mechanical Supply, 25 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 33 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 17 visitors
111
KV62
Relative Humidity Distribution
Mechanical Extraction, 25 visitors
Mechanical Supply, 25 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 33 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 17 visitors
112
KV62
Relative Humidity Distribution
Mechanical Extraction, 25 visitors
Mechanical Supply, 25 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 33 visitors
Mechanical Extraction, 17 visitors
113
5000 years old Design Drawings
Primary sketches
LUXOR MUSIUM OF CIVILIZATION
Full Design
114
Conclusions

• CFD Simulation is a powerful tool in the
  prediction of general flow, thermal, and relative
  humidity patterns.
• Floor mount air grills can be used effectively if
  put in proper locations.
• Generally, mechanical extraction ventilation
  systems provide better airflow pattern and
  adequate thermal and humidity distribution inside
  the tombs.
• The allowed number of visitors inside a given
  tomb should be restricted in order to maintain
  recommended values of relative humidity.

115
Future Activities

• This is an open invitation to collaborate in
  saving such valuable tombs of the valley of the
  Kings,Theba,Egypt
• Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) is embarking
  a massive restoration and rehabilitation
  ambitious program ,with different International
  and national support.
• All efforts and scientific and engineering
  experiences are welcomed to save such cultural
  heritage .
• Contact Prof.Dr.Essam E.Khalil at
  Khalile1_at_asme.org

116
It is very gratifying to find someone that
silently appreciates your efforts
117
Some times a second opinion From a junior is
needed
118

• ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????
  ???????
• 1. O. A.A.ABDELAZIZ AND E. E.KHALIL (2004) CFD-
  CONTROLLED CLIMATE DESIGN OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL
  TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS , PROCEEDINGS,
  SUSTAINING EUROPES CULTURAL HERITAGE FROM
  RESEARCH TO POLICY, LONDON, SEPTEMBER 2004.
• 2. E.E. KHALIL (2004) INDOOR AIR CLIMATIC DESIGN
  OF THE TOMBS OF VALLEY OF KINGS, INVITED PAPER,
  PROCEEDINGS, ROOMVENT 2004, COIMBRA, PORTUGAL,
  SEPTEMBER 2004.
• 3. O.A.A.ABDELAZIZ and E.E.KHALIL (2004)
  CFD-CONTROLLED CLIMATE DESIGN OF THE
  ARCHEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF VALLEY OF KINGS" ,
  PROCEEDINGS, INDOOR CLIMATE OF BUILDINGS 2004,
  SLOVAKIA, NOVEMBER 2004
• 4. O.A.A.ABDELAZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005) AIR
  FLOW REGIMES AND THERMAL PATTERNS IN CLIMATIZED
  TOMBS IN VALLEY OF KINGS AIAA PAPER
  AIAA-2005-1444, JAN.2005
• 5. O.A.A.ABDELAZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005)
  CFD-CONTROLLED CLIMATE DESIGN OF THE
  ARCHEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF VALLEY OF KINGS"
  PROCEEDINGS CLIMAMED 2005", 2ND MEDITERRANEAN
  CONGRESS OF CLIMATIZATION, PAPER 86, MADRID,
  FEB.2005.
• 6. O.A.A.ABDELAZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005) INDOOR
  AIR FLOW REGIMES IN THE TOMBS OF VALLEY OF
  KINGS, PROCEEDINGS of INT.CONFERENCE ON ENERGY
  AND ENVIRONMENT, EE9, SHARMELSHEIKH, MARCH 2005
• 7. OA.A.ABDEL-AZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL , MODELING OF
  INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND COMFORT IN THE TOMBS OF
  VALLEY OF KINGS , 2005 ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER
  CONFERENCE, PAPER HT2005-72005 ,JULY 2005, SAN
  FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA
• 8. OA.A.ABDEL-AZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005)
  MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF AIR FLOW AND HEAT
  TRANSFER-PREDICTIONS OF ARCHEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF
  THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS PROCEEDINGS, INDOOR AIR
  2005,CHINA, PAPER 185,SEPTEMBER 2005.
• 9. E.E.KHALIL,(2005), INDOOR AIR CLIMATIC DESIGN
  OF THE TOMBS OF VALLEY OF KINGS,PROCEEDINGS,ASHR
  AE RAL, ATHENS , SEPTEMBER 2005.
• 10. E.E .KHALIL (2005),AIR FLOW REGIMES AND
  THERMAL PATTERNS IN CLIMATIZED TOMBS IN VALLEY OF
  KINGS ARAB CONSTRUCTION WORLD, VOLUME XXIII
  ISSUE NO. 6,SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2005
• 11. OA.A.ABDEL-AZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005)
  PREDICTIONS OF AIR FLOW PATTERNS AND HEAT
  TRANSFER IN THE TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS
  PROCEEDINGS,CLIMA,OCTOBER 2005,PAPER 358.
• 12. OA.A.ABDEL-AZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2005)
  ,UNDERSTANDING AIR FLOW PATTERNS AND THERMAL
  BEHAVIOUR in KING TUT ANKH AMEN TOMB"
  PROCEEDINGS OF IMECE2005 ,2005 ASME INTERNATIONAL
  MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION ,
  NOVEMBER 2005 , PAPER IMECE2005-80465, ORLANDO,
  FLORIDA
• 13. OA.A.ABDEL-AZIZ AND E.E.KHALIL (2006) LES
  VERSUS k-e TURBULENCE MODELING OF AIR FLOW
  THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN LARGE
  UNDERGROUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FACILITIES , AIAA
  PAPER AIAA-2006-1105, JAN.2006.
• 14. E.E.KHALIL (2006) 21ST CENTURY CFD
  PREDICTION OF FLOW REGIMES AND THERMAL PATTERNS
  IN 15TH CENTURY BC TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF KINGS
  ,AIAA PAPER AIAA-2006-0129,JAN 2006
• 15. E E KHALIL (2006 ) ,CONTROLLED CLIMATE
  DESIGN OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF VALLEY OF
  THE KINGS PROCEEDINGS COLD CLIMATE 2006, MOSCOW
  ,MAY 2006.

119
STRONG TOOLS

• CFD

120
Typical Results
121
Which Way Are We Going?

• More colorful
• Refined grid systems
• User friendly
• Better modeling of physics turbulence, Humidity,
  particles, pollution, etc
• Greater accuracy of the numerical solution

122
Components of a CFD Analysis

• Mathematical model TM, CRM, etc
• Discretization method FD, FV or FE
• Coordinates and vector system
• Grid regular or unstructured
• Finite approximations BSUD, etc
• Solution method GS, TDMA, etc
• Convergence criteria

123
Properties of a CFD Analysis

• Consistency
• Stability
• Convergence
• Conservation
• Boundedness
• Realizability
• Accuracy modeling, discretization, convergence

124
Compromises of a CFD Analysis

• Simplicity of the chosen approach
• Ease of implementation
• Accuracy of the approximation
• Computational efficiency of the solution
  algorithm
• The choice is changing as time progresses

125
Computers Have Shrunk

• Speed and memory have increased
• Size and cost have reduced
• This PC used to fill a large room
• Capabilities have increased color, web, CD,
  GUI, etc

126
Consensus CFD is here to stay

• Computational, Analytical, and Experimental
  studies go hand in hand
• Will CFD Flow modeling ever replace wind tunnel
  and/or real life experiments?

127
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• Thanks are due to my Associates ,Assistants and
  Research Students for their everlasting patience
  ,perseverance, valuable support and fruitful
  discussions.

128
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• Thanks are due to Fluent Inc ,UK for their kind
  loan of the CFD program to use in the present
  work and thanks are also due for the valuable
  support and fruitful discussions with Dr.Keith
  Hanna.

129
I REST MY CASE YOUR HONOURS
Thank You
The End
130
QUESTIONS !!