FONDS REGIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA CEDEAO ( FRDC)

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Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions Change in land
utilization Comparative life-cycle analysis.
São Paulo, 17th-21st November 2008
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Summary
Part 1 AFRICA AND CLIMATE CHANGE I. Current
situation II. Projections III. Some solutions
proposed Part 2 PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS A
CREDIBLE ALTERNATIVE IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE
I. Biofuels and Africa II.
Jatropha a solution to the problem of climate
change? Part 3 MONITORING OF THE IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE I. Climate
change, economic risk II.
Space applications Part 4 SUCCESS STORY IN
WEST AFRICA THE EXAMPLE OF GHANA
I. Current situation II.
Projections III. Objectives of the
Project IV. Contribution of the
project to combating climate change Part 5
AFRICAN BIOFUELS END RENEXABLE ENERGY FUND
(ABREF) I. Objectives of the Fund
II. Fund Size III. Category
of shares IV. Biofuel projects in
Pipeline CONCLUSION
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Part 1 Africa and climate change
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I. Current situation

• The Third Assessment Report of the
  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC
  TAR) reports a warming of approximately 0.7C
  over most of Africa
• Snow and Ice cover has decreased, and sea levels
  have risen by 10-20 cm (the Kilimandjaro has
  shrunk by over 70)
• The average annual rate of change in total forest
  area for the whole Africa was estimated to be
  - 0.74, equivalent to the loss of more than
  5million ha of forest a year, an area roughly
  the size of Togo and the highest rate of any
  region (according to UNEP)
• Some regions are particularly vulnerable to
  reduced precipitation. A significant part of the
  African continent is dry. The Climate trend is
  longer periods of drought, shorter periods of
  heavy rain. Arid, semi-arid and dry sub humid
  areas include those lands where the ratio of
  precipitation to potential evaporation ranges
  from 0.05 to 0.65. In Africa, these conditions
  affect 13 million Km² or 43 of the continents
  land area, where 270 million or 40 of the
  continents population live.
• About 25 of Africas population (about 200
  million people) currently experience high water
  stress
• The IPCC TAR concluded that Africa is very
  vulnerable to climate change given its low
  capacity to respond and adapt. However, Africa's
  contribution through greenhouse gas emissions is
  insignificant

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I. Current situation
Current situation of arable land
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I. Current situation
Current situation of land utilization
Of the 650 millions hectares of land very
suitable for agriculture only 200 million
hectares are currently being utilized
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I. Current situation
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I. Current situation
CO2 Emissions in Africa
Source UNEP
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II. Projections

• By the end of this century, global mean surface
  temperature is expected to increase between 1.5
  C and 6 C (Prof. dr. Paul Desanker, Global
  Environmental Change Program Africa)
• Projected reductions in yield in some countries
  could be as much as 50 by 2020, and net
  revenues from crops could fall by as much as 90
  by 2100, with small-scale farmers being the most
  affected. This would adversely affect food
  security in the continent.
• The population at risk of increased water stress
  in Africa is projected to be between 75-250
  million and 350-600 million people by the 2020s
  and 2050s, respectively
• It is estimated that, by the 2080, the
  proportion of arid and semi-arid lands in Africa
  is likely to increase by 5-8 (60-90 million
  hectares).
• About 5,000 African plant species will be
  adversely affected 81 to 97 reduction of in
  areas of suitable climateof the 5,197 African
  plants examined, 25-42 lose areas of suitable
  climate by 2085.
• It is estimated that by 2080 there will be
  significant decrease in extents of suitable
  rain-fed land and production potential for
  cereals due to climate change.

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Source UNEP
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II. Projections
Agricultural areas within the livestock-only
systems in arid and semi-arid areas, and rain-fed
mixed crop/livestock systems in semi-arid areas,
are projected to undergo gt20 reduction in length
of growing period in 2050 (UNEP)
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II. Projections

• Cultivated land 1994-1996, potential land for
  most crops under the reference climate and the
  situation in 2080, all the figures are in
  millions of hectares (source   climate change
  and agriculture vulnerability )
• TN  net total excluding forests and protected
  zones, it takes into account inhabited zones
• FP  forêts et zones protégées
• VS Very Suitable

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• Some solutions proposed

• Introduction of crops such as hybrid crops, or
  plants capable of withstanding severe heat or
  drought
• Diversification of the types of plants cultivated
  as well as increased use of genetically
  modifiable plants to fight against parasites.
• The principle of crop rotation and land being
  kept fallow so as to avoid serious soil
  impoverishment, limiting soil erosion by
  developing new farm lands to compensate for those
  kept fallow.
• Adoption of new varieties which are more
  resistant to climate change and whose yield is
  more than that of existing varieties.
• Development of new technologies to combat soil
  erosion and desertification for example stopping
  the wind which is the most destructive factor in
  soil erosion
• Adoption of measures to limit soil degradation,
  the phenomenon of sand-silting, wind and rain
  erosion

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• Some solutions proposed

• Providing incentives for eco-efficient (cleaner)
  production and innovation
• Taking active measures to stimulate sustainable
  consumption and production practices
• Giving people a clear stake in the environment
  through legal and regulatory measures that
  define and recognize individual or community
  property and tenure rights
• Creating opportunities for public involvement in
  decision-making on local environmental issues,
  and support community rights to own and care for
  the land their members inhabit and the resources
  they use
• Giving civil society a more central role in
  environmental management by removing systemic
  barriers to participation, especially by women,
  indigenous peoples and youth, and give due
  attention to indigenous knowledge and coping
  strategies
• Analyzing and reform market imbalances and
  imperfections, including decreasing the
  subsidies that allow prices to be held
  artificially below the costs of production and
  use for resources such as clean energy
• Promoting the development of bio-fuels.

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Part 2 Production of bio fuels - a credible
alternative in combatting climate change ?
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I. Biofuels and Africa
Crops used to produce biofuels in West Africa
Legend Cassava Maize Jatropha Palm
Oil Sugar Cane Sugar Beet Sweet
Potatoes Sweet Sorghum Ricin
ECOWAS Economic Community Of West African States
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I. Biofuels and Africa
CO2 emission mitigation
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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?

• Impact on the soil
• Jatropha grows on arid, semi arid and equatorial
  lands. It is a plant which is able to withstand
  any climatic condition and is very resistant to
  water stress. Minimum rainfall of 600 mm/annum
  suffices for the full growth of the plant.
  Jatropha can be intercropped with other food
  crops on lands hitherto considered unsuitable
  for agriculture.
• Jatropha grows at 1000 metres above sea level.
  Thanks to its adaptation capacity it can grow in
  many countries in Africa.
• The cultivation of Jatropha does not require
  preparation of land, seeding (since the lifespan
  of the tree is about fifty (50) years), use of
  pesticides or other polluting products ( thanks
  to its insecticidal and fungicidal qualities
  which reduce the quantity of nematodes in the
  soil). The major advantage that Jatropha enjoys
  is that it does not compete with food crops and
  adapts to arid or semi arid soil.

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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?

• Jatropha tree has shallow spreading root system
  which makes the tree stable in the soil
  jatropha tree has lateral roots and thus cover
  considerable area of the soil the two properties
  combine to protect the soil against wind and
  water erosion.
• The dried fruit hulls are combustible and can be
  used as substitute to firewood and thereby
  provide solution to the problem of deforestation
  in rural areas.
• Agriculture
• Thanks to its toxic substance whose odour repels
  animals, Jatropha is used by rural dwellers as
  hedge to demarcate parcels of land so as to avoid
  disputes between farmers and owners of
  livestock
• The press cake of Jatropha decomposes very
  rapidly, thereby releasing the minerals that it
  contains the press cake is rich in Nitrogen
  (4.14) Phosphorous (0.5) and thus can be used
  as fertilizer and an important  improver  of
  soil.

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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?

• If 3 of the surface area of Africa (that is 89.7
  million hectares) were to be used for the
  cultivation of Jatropha it would contribute
  immensely to slow down the desertification of the
  continent caused by climate change and also
  fetch billions of euros in revenue each year.
• Energy
• Jatropha seeds are rich in oil (30 to 37). Each
  matured plant can yield up to three (3) tons of
  seeds per annum.
• The annual average oil yield of Jatropha is more
  than 2000 litres per hectare and it is even
  possible to obtain a yield which is 4 or 5 times
  higher (Colza yields 572 litres of oil per
  hectare per annum Sunflower 662
  litres/hectare/annum Soja 446
  litres/hectare/annum)
• Jatropha oil is used for lighting in rural areas
  as substitute to kerosene which is not always
  available and whose smoke is toxic (lamps have
  been designed to use jatropha oil).

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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?

• Source Peter Beerens, screw
  pressing of Jatropha seeds for fuelling purposes
  in less developped countries ,
• Energy Technology, August 2007
• Although it is less effective  than Gas oil
  (lower calorific value), Jatropha oil has
  generated a lot of interest given the high cost
  of crude oil
• Jatropha oil can be more  effective  by either
  of the following methods
• Adapting engines that run on pure vegetable oil
  with pre-heating kit
• Adapting pure vegetable oil to engines that is
  trans-esterification of oil..

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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?

• It is  better  in terms of CO2 emissions (the
  use of 1kg of bio fuel from Jatropha corresponds
  to 3kg reduction in CO2)
• Also
• Jatropha is used in the manufacture of general
  purpose soap and is therefore a source of income
  generating activity for women in rural
  communities.
• Thanks to its numerous benefits, Jatropha plant
  is used in the preparation of traditional
  medicine ( its can be used in the preparation of
  laxative, in the treatment of worms, fever,
  Guinea worm, leprosy etc) the stem latex of
  jatropha is used to stop bleeding.

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II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the disadvantages of Jatropha?

• Jatropha is not edible. The toxic nature of
  jatropha nut constitutes a serious risk
  (especially to children) 4 Jatropha nuts can
  kill a human being.
• The smoke released during the burning of Jatropha
  oil (Jatropha oil lamp) is a powerful
  insecticide which is also dangerous to humans.
• The cultivation of the plant is very labour
  intensive (during the harvesting of the fruit).
• The best yield of the plant is obtained from rich
  soil (in traditional agricultural zones) and so
  it could compete with food crops for arable
  lands
• Low yield from the plant could compel those who
  cultivate the plant to resort to mechanization
  which, in the long term, could destroy jobs.

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Part 3 Monitoring of the impact of climate
change in Africa
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I. Climate change, economic risk
Greenhouse gases T eq. CO2
Adverse impact on energy and agro-pastoral
sectors
Rise in temperature
Disruption of rainfall patterns
A phenomenon which is more rapid than
anticipated
Rise in sea levels
Impact
Health
Agriculture
Coastal zones
Water
Biodiversity
Forests
Direct damage to these sectors has increased
five-fold in 30 years
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II. Space applications
Applications
Health
Agriculture
Coastal zones
Water
Forests
Energy
Cadastral survey
Geology, etc.
A map of our resources to enable development
planning
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Part 4 Success story in West Africa The
example of Ghana
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I. Current situation

• The total land area of Ghana is 239,450 km² 1/3
  of which is under forest and the remaining 2/3
  is largely savannah.
• The population of Ghana is estimated at 19
  million 69 of which live in rural areas. About
  9.5 million of the population constitutes the
  economical active labor force, 70 of which is
  engaged in agricultural and related activity.
• About 13.4 million hectares of arable land of
  which about 20 is currently under cultivation.
• The output of the hydroelectric dams has greatly
  reduced due to the low rainfall pattern.
• The electrical energy from thermal plant is very
  expensive because the fuel is imported.
• The current deforestation rate is about 22,000
  hectares (ha) per annum.
• Only 20-30 of the population has access to
  health Care due to changes in crops production
  (malnutrition), climate variability (cholera).
• Low productivity and poorly functioning markets
  for agricultural outputs due to lack the skills
  and inputs such as fertilizer and improved seeds
  that would increase yields.
• Increasing population pressure leads to
  continuous cultivation in the densely inhabited
  Upper East region and a shorter fallow period in
  the Upper West region, causing further
  deterioration of the land.

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II. Projections

• UNEP (2002) has predicted that by 2050 rainfall
  could decline by 5.
• Changes in weather are expected to have an impact
  on availability and quality of freshwater.
• Ghana, therefore, may face future export deficits
  and there is the likelihood that the countrys
  forestry sector will die out.
• Increasing temperature and increasing heat stress
  in urban areas will increase demand for energy.
• The World Energy Outlook projects that by 2030,
  50 of population will still be without
  electricity.
• The majority of extra people at risk of hunger by
  the 2080.
• Sea levels projected to rise in Africa by 15-95
  cm by the year 2100.
• The warming by 2100 it is expected to increase by
  26ºC.
• A temperature increase of 2C will severely
  affect coffee production.

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III. Objectives of the Project

• For the country to be self reliant in liquid fuel
  production.
• To increase the value of Ghanaian exports.
• Lower Ghanas reliance on imported goods.
• Create massive employment for the teaming
  unemployed youths, reduce poverty and rural
  urban drift.

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IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change

• The wild physic nut plant (Jatropha) is available
  in most part of the country in about 8 different
  varieties and sub varieties.
• About 4 varieties treated scientifically took
  between 2 and 3 months to begin bearing fruits
  after planting (instead of 12 and 24 months for
  wild Jatropha) and between 8 to 12 months to
  attain maturity (instead of 5 to 6 years).
• The Anuanom plant yields 13kg per year as against
  3.5kg.
• The tree can grow in most soils loam, sandy
  soil and marshy soil, sloping soil and along
  mountain.
• It cannot tolerate wetland since the roots are
  too soft to survive in water for a long period
  about 10mm to 20mm of water is required every
  week.
• Idle savannah, woodlands and fallow bush are
  suitable for Jatropha it is estimated that these
  areas in Ghana cover about 6.5 million hectares.
• Jatropha plantation and downstream processing is
  going to provide large scale opportunities for
  poorer sections of society.
• The average output of oil which is 2.6 t/hectare
  is better than the normal output of normal 1.25
  t/hectare.

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IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change

• The effective life cycle of this tree is about
  fifty (50) years the effect of this on the
  global environment is that Ghana will reduce
  global carbon dioxide emission by about 56
  million tons per annum this will put Ghana in a
  position to deal in carbon trading with any of
  the leading industrialized nations (800 million
  to 1 billion trees will be planted within the
  framework of project).
• The local environment benefits from the
  establishment of a perennial crop that reduces
  soil erosion and requires little or no
  agro-chemical imports as well as the reduction of
  toxic emissions (50 - 95 depending on the
  state of the diesel engine) during the combustion
  of curcas biodiesel, which is practically free
  of sulphurous compound.
• Planting Jatropha to cover about 1 million
  hectares of idle lands in Ghana will
• Prevent desertification in plantation areas.
• Improve Climate change positively in these areas.
• Reduce the spread of bush fires in these areas.
• Control erosions and loss of topsoils and reduce
  silting of water bodies.
• Lead to the reclamation of degraded lands due to
  mining activities.
• Reduce rural poverty and rural-urban drift.
• Translate into massive job creation (mainly in
  harvest periods on farms).

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IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change

• To supply all the diesel fuel that is consumed
  within the country and export the excess.
• The biodiesel produced will also be used to run
  electricity-generating plants to generate
  electricity, to save the country from importing
  electricity or using imported light crude oil or
  gas in running these plants, and thus stabilize
  electricity generation and supply in the country
  and export the excess.
• Part of biodiesel will be used to manufacture a
  number of higher value products such as
  lubricating oils, solvents and metal working
  oils.
• To produce fertilizer with high percentages of
  Nitrogen (3.21), Phosphorus (0.20), Potassium
  (1.39), Ammonium Nitrate (0.89), Calcium
  carbonate, etc.
• To supply all the fertilizer requirement of the
  country to increase food and cash crops yield per
  hectare per annum and export the rest.
• To supply raw material for pharmaceutical and
  cosmetics industries.
• To create jobs for both skilled and unskilled
  unemployed youths roaming the streets of major
  cities and towns in Ghana.

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IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change

• The reforestation of about 1 million hectares of
  savannah woodlands, fallow bush lands and the
  reclaiming of abandoned mined areas.
• The transformation of marginal and idle lands
  into productive areas, putting more money into
  the hands of farmers and thus making farming
  more attractive profitable.
• The protection and regeneration of natural
  resources such as water and soil.
• The project will also help increase the
  contribution of the agro-industrial sector to
  Gross Domestic Products (GDP), added value and
  technology transfer. Macro economic gains shall
  be obtained by the import substitutions and the
  resulting improvement in the balance of payment
  of the country.

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This Project is under implementation and is being
financed by ECOWAS Bank for Investment and
Development (EBID). EBID has set up the African
Biofuel and Renewable Energy Fund (ABREF) in
cooperation with financial institutions, the
ECOWAS Commission and the UEMOA Commission to
finance biofuels and other renewable energy.
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Part 5 African Biofuel and Renewable Energy Fund
(ABREF)
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I. Objectives of the Fund

• The Fund will
• Contribute to the development of bio-fuels and
  renewable energy industry in the Africa,
  with a particular focus on West African countries
• Provide investors with superior returns through
  investments in biofuels and renewable energy
  projects which generate Certified Emission
  Reductions (CERs).

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II. Fund Size

• ABREF Equity investments 200 million
• 150 million (75) of the Funds capital for
  equity investments in specific projects
• 50 million (25) to purchase CERs
• Debt facility US 1 billion
• ACE TAF 10 million
• Contributions from governments
• Voluntary contributions from private sector

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III. Category of shares

• Two options
• Option I
• Private Investors ,Share A
• Governments, Share B
• Option II
• ABREC (African investors), Share A
• Governments (Non African), Share B
• Non African Institutions, Share C

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IV. Biofuel projects in the Pipeline
Other Maize, sweet potatoes, sunflower etc.
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Conclusion
Africa has enormous potential to develop bio
fuels and safeguard agricultural production at
the same time. The project will help check
desertification and contribute to land
reclamation. The production of bio-fuels is an
effective tool for improving the living
conditions of our people We are convinced that
bio-fuels provide an opportunity to reduce
poverty and to ensure the sustainable development
of the African continent. Africa has a lot of
potential, especially regarding the availability
of land and experience acquired in the production
of bio-fuel from Jatropha. Thank you for your
kind attention.
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Contact
Director of ABREF Mr. Thierno Bocar TALL
Tel [phone] Fax [phone]
84 (228) 222 81 51 E-mail
infos_at_faber-abref.org
www.faber-abref.org
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION