Course Themes for Coastal

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Course Themes for Coastal Marine Biology

• Where are organisms found in the oceans? How are
  they adapted to their different environments?
• What are the different ways that species
  interact? How do these interactions affect the
  distribution and abundance of organisms?
• How have human activities impacted marine
  habitats and organisms?
• How do all marine organisms depend on others?
  Why is everything in the oceans connected?

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Key Questions for Unit 1- Origins

• Where and how did life first evolve? What is the
  evidence for this?
• How did the first organisms aid in making Earth
  conducive to life?
• Why is liquid water essential for life on Earth?
  How did todays oceans come into existence?
• What is plate tectonics? What effect does plate
  tectonics have on marine habitats and organisms?
• How is life distributed in the oceans?
• How is life in the sea different from life on
  land or in freshwater?

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So why Earth?

• Source of water
• Habitable zone around sun
• Greenhouse effect
• Ocean basins
• Carbon-silicate cycle

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The Greenhouse Effect
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Water Figures

• Know how hydrogen bonding applies to each
  property of water
• Be able to explain each property of water
• Know how to explain how each property affects
  marine organisms

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Key Concepts of Plate Tectonics

• Why the heck are we studying geology in a marine
  biology class?????
• Earths Internal Structure
• Internal geologic processes
• Plate tectonics
• Continental Drift
• Seafloor Spreading
• Formation of major features
• mountains, trenches, volcanoes, etc

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Earths Structure

• Earth formed 4.6 bya heavy elements sank, light
  floated
• Core
• Inner core is most dense, solid and hot due to
  tremendous pressure
• Outer molten core spinning around inner core
  generates magnetic field of the earth
• Mantle
• Surrounds core thickest layer
• Two layers here asthenosphere and lithosphere
• Most of the mantle is hot, solid rock that can
  deform/flow like melted soft plastic
• Crust
• Outermost and thinnest layer (8-32km thick
  depending upon location)
• Oceanic rock is made of basalt (most common rock
  in the crust) which is more dense
• Continental rock is made of mostly granite and
  rests on top of oceanic crust

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Internal Structure of the Earth
Drawn to scale
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Other terms to know

• Lithosphere
• Part of the mantle that is rigid material
  consists of crust and upper solid mantle
• This solid layer floats on the molten
  asthenosphere
• This is the plate in plate tectonicsthis is
  what moves around!
• Asthenosphere
• Subdivision of the mantle flows like silly putty
  below the lithosphere
• Convection Cells/Currents
• Are caused by the very hot magma at the deepest
  part of the mantle rising to the top, then
  cooling and sinking to the bottom, and repeating
  the cycle over again.  The convection currents
  inside the mantle cause the solid lithospheric
  plates above it to move like boxes on a conveyor
  belt

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Lithosphere The Plate in Plate Tectonics
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Internal Earth Processes

• Plate Tectonics
• Continental Drift (Wegener)
• Sea Floor Spreading (Hess)
• Subduction Zone
• Convergent Boundary
• Divergent Boundary
• Transform Fault
• Hotspots (Ring of Fire)

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Earths 13 Major Tectonic Plates
EURASIAN PLATE
ANATOLIAN PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
CHINA SUBPLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
PHILIPPINE PLATE
ARABIAN PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
NAZCA PLATE
INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE
SOMALIAN SUBPLATE
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Convergent plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries
Transform faults
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Distribution of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
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Ring of Fire
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Plate Boundaries DivergentAKA Sea floor
spreading!
Creates new seafloor
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Iceland Divergent Plate Boundary
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Plate Boundaries Convergent
Seafloor is recycled
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Convergent Continental/Continental
Indian Subcontinent crashed into Asia 50mya
Himalayas
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Convergent Boundary Himalayas
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Plate Boundaries Transform Fault
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Plate Boundaries and Features
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Hot Spots
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The sequence of events

• Something disturbs the ocean floor (it moves
  vertically)
• Earthquake
• Volcano
• Mudslide
• Meteor
• Water is displaced by movement of the ocean floor
  and waves are formed
• A tsunami wave may be hundreds of kilometers (or
  miles) in length. It moves out in a circle from
  the spot where it started, similar to the way
  circles of water move out from the place where a
  rock has been dropped into a pond.
• Because of the large size of its wavelength, a
  tsunami moves at high speed across great
  distances without losing much of its energy and
  without being noticed.
• In deep ocean, the surface swells marking the
  wave are hardly noticeable. In fact, they are
  often less than one meter (three feet) high.
• As the wave approaches land, it slows down and
  increases in size/height.
• The wave is actually more of a giant surge of
  water that decimates the coast

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Krakatoa before
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Krakatoa after (125 ft high waves were made by
this explosion)
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You are also responsible for

• What the hazards are
• What precautions have been made
• What more should be done
• Any of the video questions from the PBS Nova The
  Wave that Shook the World are also fair game

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Animations

• SEED
• Prentice Hall
• PBS Wave that Shook the World
• PBS Savage Earth
• Carlton College Animations