Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA)

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Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA)
Dag Daler Scientific Director
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Global International Waters Assessment
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Water The most essential of the Globes life
sustaining elements
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Niger Delta
Riverbank erosion
Sediment transport
ha

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Prawn Catch/Number of fishing vessels, Bagamoyo,
Tanzania
Prawn Catch
Number of fishing vessels
kg
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Blooms of harmful microorganisms
No of people hospitalized
West central Atlantic. No of episodes
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Aug 1997, 30m
Feb 1998, 30m
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Climate Change Live Coral Cover Seychelles

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The GIWA Mission

• What are the main environmental problems in the
  Globes International Waters (including fresh
  water as well as marine and coastal waters)?
• How severe are these problems in relation to
  human life and welfare?
• What are the human activities that are the root
  causes of these problems?

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A Mechanism for prioritising

• The overall objective of the GIWA is to develop a
  comprehensive strategic assessment that may be
  used by GEF and its partners to identify
  priorities for remedial and mitigatory actions in
  international waters, designed to achieve
  significant environmental benefits.

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Project Goals

• Implement environmental and socio-economic impact
  assessments in 66 subregions, including both
  marine and freshwater systems
• Identify the linkages between issues affecting
  the transboundary aquatic environment and their
  causes, so GEF will be better placed to intervene
  to resolve the problems in a sustainable and
  cost-effective manner

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GIWA 5 Concerns (22 Issues)

• Freshwater shortage (Reduction of stream flow
  Lowering of water table and Pollution of
  existing water supplies)
• Pollution (Microbiological pollution
  Eutrophication Chemical pollution Suspended
  solids Solid waste Thermal pollution
  Radionuclides Spills)
• Habitat and community modification (Loss of
  ecosystems or ecotones Modification of
  ecosystems or ecotones)
• Unsustainable exploitation of fisheries and other
  living resources (Inappropriate harvesting
  practices Resources/habitat changes Habitat
  destruction Decreased viability of stock through
  contamination and disease Biodiversity impacts)
• Global change (Changes in hydrological cycles
  Sea level change Increased UV-B radiation as a
  result of ozone depletion Changes in ocean
  carbon dioxide source/sink function)

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Socio-economic indicators

• Economic impact (Direct and indirect)
• Health impact (Seriousness of the health problem
  and number of people affected)
• Other social and community impact (Estetic
  values, life style values etc)

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Capacity Building by Networking

• All together more than 1.000 experts, scientist,
  representatives for governments, NGO and civil
  society is actively involved in the GIWA
  assessment, globally.

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GIWA Assessment Methodology

• Scoping/Scaling
• Identification of priority Issues (among 23
  Issues) regarding
• Environmental impact
• Socio-economic impact
• Detailed Impact Assessment
• For those Priority Issues identified during
  Scoping
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Socio-Economic Impact Assessment
• Causal Chain Analysis
• By following the most significant successive
  causes of environmental degradation, a causal web
  is constructed, having at the top, the sociatal
  causes

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Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ( TDA )
Scaling and Scoping Component 1
Workshop 1
Detailed Assessment Component 2
Causal Chain Analysis Component 3 Current
Future Condition Condition  
Predictive Analysis Component 4
Policy Options Analysis Component 5
Workshop 2
 
Strategic Action Program ( SAP )
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• The Zambezi River (by far the largest river basin
  in the sub region covers approximately
  1,300,00km2), Limpopo and Okavango delta plus 9
  trans-national river systems were assessed during
  the GIWA scoping exercise.
• Eight riparian countries within the South African
  Development Community (SADC) share the Zambezi
  River Basin. 38.4 million people live and eke for
  a living in the basin area.
• Large-scale industrial farming (sugar, maize,
  fruits, livestock), and small-scale subsistence
  production, fisheries and industry are important
  economic activities.
• 1.FRESHWATER SHORTAGE
• Damming of major rivers (for irrigation and
  hydropower generation), pollution of existing
  water supplies , abstraction of groundwater
  resources, and droughts are contributing to
  freshwater shortage. The Zambezi River has 3
  large dams resulting in gt50 reduction in stream
  flow.
• Nutrient loading from agricultural inputs,
  suspended sediments and solid wastes from
  unregulated discharge of raw sewage and other
  industrial effluents is rampant.
• Wells have started drying up and require further
  digging to reach the water table.

SubRegion 45 Agulhas Current
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2.LOSS AND MODIFICATION OF AQUATIC HABITATS. (i)
riparian belts, (ii) springs, (iii) flood plains,
(iv) rice paddys, (v) running water fast flowing
and flood plains and (vi) standing water
mesothropic. 3. UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF
FISHERIES Though data on Catch Per Unit Effort
(CPUE) trends are scanty, over exploitation of
fisheries is recognized as a serious problem in
both inland and marine waters. Poor fishing
practices (use of fine wire mesh mosquito nets
and traditional basket endanger juvenile fish)
Favored fish species such as Maluti Monnow in
Lesotho and Kapenta in Kariba are endangered.
4.GLOBAL CHANGE Extreme swings between above
average rainfall resulting in flooding with
recurrent droughts can be explained by changes in
hydrological cycle. 5.Social economic and health
impacts. (i) high costs of reconstruction after
incidences of flooding and droughts, (ii)
associated economic and social costs for
reduction in agricultural potential, decline in
industrial production and fisheries, (iii) social
implications to reduced access to clean water by
rural and urban water user, (iv) migration and
displacement of people and exposure to dangers of
land mines that get dispersed during floods
(Mozambique), (v) loss of animal nutrition among
the riverine communities and (vi) costs for
treatment for approximately 70 of the population
affected by water borne epidemics.
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• Introduction
• East China Sea Sub-region should include   
• Changjiang River Basin including Dongtinghu Lake,
  Panyanghu Lake and Chaohu Lake and
• Zhe-Ming River Basins (river systems in Zhejiang
  and Fujian Provinces).

Mega-region North Pacific Sub-region 36 East
China Sea
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Critical Issues

• EutrophicationSome 12-15 extensive occurrences
  of red tide events per year offshore of Zhejiang
  Province reported. Serious eutrophication
  observed in the West Lake of Hangzhou, Dianshan
  Lake of Shanghai and Poyang Lake of Jiangxi.
  Often reported are the damages of cultured
  organisms by harmful algae.
• Loss of ecosystems or ecotonesLoss are
  particularly serious with freshwater marshlands,
  wetlands of saline habitats, muddy foreshores,
  salt marshes, mangroves and estuaries.
• Overexpoitation of living resourcesThe dominance
  of four major species groups in the East China
  Sea, namely large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena
  crocea), small yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena
  polyactis), hairtail (Trichiurus haumela) and
  cuttlefish (Sepia), has changed to shrimps,
  spanish mackeral, pomfret and hairtail. The
  change is mainly caused by overfishing. Yellow
  croakers and others were exploited far beyond
  MSY.
• Destructive fishing practicesBottom trawling
  occurs more than 10 times per year. There are
  occasional occurrences of fishing by explosives
  and drugs.
• Socio-economic factorsHigh concerns associated
  with social, economic and human health impacts
  are likely to be restricted to the habitat and
  community modification with a weighted score of
  around 2. Socioeconomic and human health impacts
  of the other four major concerns are unlikely to
  be substantial.

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The Causal-Chain Model
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The freshwater marine interface

• The majority of environmental problems in the
  marine environment are caused by landbased
  activities.
• Solving the environmental problems in the
  watersheds is a prerequisite for remedial and
  mitigatory actions targeted to improve the marine
  ecosystems.

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• Introduction
• Bohai Sea Sub-region include
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• Liaohe River Basin, coastal river basins in
  Liaodong Peninsula, Shuangtaizihe River Basin and
  their associated coastal and marine habitats in
  Liaodong Bay, north of the Bohai Sea
• Haihe River and Luanhe River and their associated
  marine habitats in Bohai Bay west of the Bohai
  Sea and
• Yellow River Basins, coastal river basins in
  Shandong Peninsula and their associated coastal
  and marine habitats in Laizhou Bay, south of
  Bohai Sea.

Mega-regionNorth Pacific Sub-region 35Bohai
Sea
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