Mild Steel MG Cylinders

1

• Mild Steel MG Cylinders
• By
• D K Singhal
• Deveshklsinghal_at_rediffmail.com

2
Mild Steel MG Cylinders

• Mild Steel MG Cylinders.
• Mechanical Design Considerations for Mild Steel
  MG Cylinders.
• Stress Relieving.
• Energy Audit of SR Process.
• First Grinding.
• Related BIS Specifications.
• About the Author

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Mild Steel MG Cylinders
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  om.

5
Why Mild Steel MG Cylinder?

• Low initial cost.
• Short delivery periods.
• Equipment free from blowholes.
• Easy to grind whenever required.

6
Is not CI better?

• Well, CI has some inherent problems related to
  casting. With a huge job, in case of problem
  related to uneven cast material properties,
  blowholes etc., there is no other option to
  discard a job. Furthermore, as ultrasonic testing
  is not possible on CI, determination of such
  defect is normally difficult.

7
CI has better thermal conductivity!

• The thermal conductivity of CI is nearly 15
  better than that of MS. But during papermaking,
  other heat transfer resistances do add up in the
  system resulting in an overall heat transfer
  coefficient reduced by nearly 5-7 only. This too
  can be compensated with reduced shell plate
  thickness to some extent.

8
CI is more hard than MS!

• Yes. From material properties it appears that CI
  is harder and hence we need frequent grinding for
  MS MG cylinder. But, being a softer material,
  grinding takes smaller time. Also, well suited
  doctor blades available now-a-days ensure longer
  service life between two grindings. Furthermore,
  today grades of MS are available that give better
  hardness also.

9
Who can make MS MG Cylinder?

• Your friendly machine manufacturer. Well, some
  manufacturing facilities are must. As all the
  operations involved can be done easily by a team
  of skilled fabricators, welders, machinists etc.,
  it is very easy to maintain quality.

10
Manufacturer

• Must have good fabrication facilities.
• Must have good machining facilities.
• Must have good welding facilities.
• Must be capable of carrying SR (Stress Relieving)

11
Ideal Time of Fabrication

• A higher temperature is generally advisable for
  good welding. Hence, a summer season is normally
  ideal for good welding. In winter, external
  heating of plates to be weld may be done.

12
Suitable MS for MG

• Boiler grade mild steel is most suitable for
  fabrication of MG. It is extremely important that
  if more than one plates are being used, all must
  have same properties as well as chemical
  composition. This is extremely important to have
  uniform bending, to ensure uniform shell
  thickness after final grinding.

13
Testing of Plate Material

• To ensure the quality of plates, it is necessary
  to get the plates checked for chemical
  composition. This can be done by cutting a small
  piece of each plate and sending to a laboratory
  performing such tests. The plates should also be
  tested ultrasonically for any hidden crack, or
  abnormality.

14
Chemical Composition

• Chemical composition of MS plate used for MG
  fabrication is important as it provides some
  useful information e.g. thermal and mechanical
  properties, wear and corrosion resistance, etc.
  Presence of different elements affects different
  properties. Some of these are listed in following
  slides.

15
Effect of Carbon

• A higher amount of carbon means marginally better
  strength and machinability, but poor wear
  resistance. Typical values for some different
  materials are as under-
• IS2002 0.01-0.025
• IS 2062 0.01-0.02
• IS515 0.015-0.025

16
Effect of Sulphur

• Presence of sulphur imparts strength, but in some
  cases it results in poor ductability or
  cracking.It makes steel harder, stronger, but
  brittle.

17
Effect of Nickel Chromium

• Presence of Nickel imparts strength, and wear
  resistance, but it results in very hard steel,
  that is difficult to machine, bend and hence
  gives improved wear resistance. In Normal grades,
  nickel is absent or found in negligible amounts.
  Similar is the case with chromium.

18
Chemical Composition

• Chemical composition plays a significant role in
  physical and strength properties of material.
• Presence of Ni and Cr imparts wear resistance,
  though due to hardness, it becomes difficult to
  bend the plate.
• Other elements also affect different properties.

19
Ultrasonic Testing

• Plates are made in re-rolling mills by pressing
  red-hot iron Ingots. Sometimes, due to entrapment
  of air due to some reason, an air film is left
  between two layers of plate. This is normally
  called as lamination in plate. The object of
  ultrasonic testing is to ensure that the plate
  should be free from such laminating defects.

20
Plate Lamination

• During manufacturing of MS plates, hot ingots are
  pressed together repeatedly to form a uniform
  layer plate.
• There exists a possibility that some air is
  entrapped between two layers, which is not fully
  removed during rolling operation of the plates.
  This is called lamination.

21
Plate Lamination

• Plate lamination reduces the strength of material
  marginally, but greatest disadvantage is
  significant reduction in heat transfer
  coefficient at the location of lamination due to
  a bad conductor (Air film) sandwiched between two
  layers of metal.
• Thus, laminated spots have lower heat transfer
  coefficient and thus colder outside surface of MG
  cylinder, thus paper drying is not uniform. This
  result in poor quality paper, reduced production,
  frequent grinding etc.

22
Conducting UT

• It is recommended to mark the plate in 9X9
  sections with the help of chalk.
• Now, each section is carefully examined to with
  approx. 1 outside all boundaries.This is done to
  ensure that the the plate is completely tested
  and no part is left untested.

23
UT Results

• Normally, if the plate is perfect, there would
  not be any defect.
• In some cases there may be defects, particularly
  at the edges, In many cases, these are small, to
  the tune of 1-3 inch wide, and several feet long.
  With such plate, there may be problems of wet
  edges on paper.
• In case there is a defect in between the plate,
  and is more than the plate thickness in
  dimension, the plate must be discarded, and not
  used for fabricating MG.

24
Ultrasonic Tester

• It is recommended that the ultrasonic testing is
  done by a government approved ultrasonic tester.
• Presence of customers representative during
  ultrasonic test is preferable.

25
Ensuring Plate Originality

• Sometimes, plate is procured by the customer and
  handed over to MG manufacturer for MG
  fabrication.
• If customer is interested, he may get some mark
  punched on the plates to ensure only the plates
  checked in his presence have been used in
  fabrication.

26
During Plate Bending

• It is important to ensure that the plate bending
  is done at a very slow rate. Too high a bending
  speed may cause minor cracks in the plate, which
  may create problems later on. The possible
  problems could be- reduced localized heat
  transfer from MG, under or over drying of paper,
  frequent requirement of grinding etc.

27
During Welding

• Being plates of sufficient thickness, it is
  necessary to cut a Vee before welding.
• Welding must be done with suitable electrodes
  only, and in no case blow holes must remain in
  the weld. Of course, this can be checked later on
  using ultrasonic testing, but then it is too late
  to rectify the problem.

28
During Welding

• It is strongly recommended that the welding is
  done at suitable temperature, and sudden cooling
  is not done. In winter season, external
  preheating of area nearby should be done.

29
Welding Rods

• The welding rods used must be of same material as
  that of plates. Rods of reputed manufactures,
  having correct specification should be used.
  Welding should be done at specified current only.
  

30
Condensate Removal

• Particularly for slow speed machines, operating
  under 400 mpm, rotary siphon can be effectively
  used. The saveall treys should be of sufficient
  size.

31
Position of Rotary Joint

• Rotary joints can be placed at either location-
  drive or tender side. In some cases mills prefer
  to have separate rotary joints for steam and
  condensate.

32
Condensate Treys in MG

• Being MG a slow rpm device, installation of
  condensate trays with siphon pipes is a good
  arrangement.
• The trey must be of sufficient size to collect
  condensate in one rotation of MG, but should not
  be overdesigned as it may result in imbalance
  during operation.

33
Mechanical Design Considerations for Mild Steel
MG Cylinders
34
Shell Plate Thickness

• Obviously, a higher shell plate thickness means
  longer operation life, possibilities of using
  higher steam pressure, but also reduced heat
  transfer coefficient, and hence reduced
  productivity at a particular steam pressure.

35
Shell Plate Thickness

• Checking of final shell plate thickness can be
  done by subtracting thickness lost during
  grinding from original shell plate thickness.
• Thickness loss is obtained by dividing the weight
  of peelings during machining and grinding by
  density of plate material and by area of shell
  plate.

36
Shell Plate

• A uniform shell plate thickness is must in order
  to get uniform bending force application during
  drum fabrication.
• If more than one plates are being used for shell
  fabrication, it is extremely important that the
  all plates are of same chemical composition as
  well as mechanical properties.
• To ensure this, use of shell plates from a single
  manufacturer and with same batch number (or heat
  number) should be used.

37
Steam Entry

• Normally, steam entry and condensate outlet is
  provided at the same side, but it can be made at
  different ends.
• The machine configuration (Right hand drive or
  Left hand drive) and the operators ease are the
  most important while deciding these factors.
• Yet, many papermakers prefer tender side steam
  entry as well as condensate removal.

38
Condensate Removal

• On slow speed MG cylinders, scooping is the most
  efficient method for condensate collection. This
  becomes also the only method available as
  position of tie rods does not allow fixed siphons
  to be mounted. Since sufficient information is
  not available on design of MS cylinders for
  higher speeds, presently, we can use only the
  scoops for condensate collection and use MG
  cylinder for slow speed operation only.

39
Tie Rods

• Dish ends face a significant load of few hundred
  tons towards outside during operation. This load
  tries to deform the dish end towards outside at
  the center, resulting in increase in cylinder
  diameter at both ends.
• This results in camber disturbance locally at the
  both ends.
• For the same, tie rods are used to place the dish
  ends in position.

40
Diameter and Number of Tie Rods

• Due to huge loads, tie rods must be adequately
  designed.
• There could be 6, 8, 12, or 16 tie rods as per
  requirement.
• A normal rule of thumb is that the total cross
  section area (in square centimeter) of tie rods
  must be at least 1.5 times the outward force on
  each dish end(calculated as multiplication of
  pressure inside MG and area of dish end) in
  metric tons.

41
Manhole

• Usually, one manhole is provided in MG for access
  to internal parts for inspection or repair. In
  some cases, two manholes may be provided.
• Manhole should be designed to provide easy access
  of maintenance personnel to MG as well as a being
  totally leak proof.

42
Inside Surface

• Inside surface is important due to two reasons-
• 1. Uneven surface means variations in thickness,
  and hence in heat transfer coefficient and hence
  results in uneven drying of paper.
• 2. In case, there is pitting on inside surface,
  these pits wear off rapidly, and pose problems
  related to poor runnability of paper.

43
Defects on Inside Surface

• Pitting is first defect, as explained earlier.
  This results in abnormal and non-uniform drying
  of paper
• Thickness variation across circumference is
  another defect caused by ovality in MG during
  manufacturing due to which, during machining and
  grinding, different thickness of material are
  removed from different circumferential locations.
• This results in moisture variations in paper
  across machine direction, relativerly lower
  machine speeds, improper condensate removal etc.

44
Drain Plug

• Drain plug is provided opposite to manhole. To
  purpose is to easily drain the condensate in case
  there is water filling due to poor steam trap,
  rotary joint or siphon pipe operation.
• Drain plug may be plugged with an ordinary mild
  steel plug, tested under operating conditions, or
  with a fusible plug, which will fuse off in case
  of elevated temperature or a safety valve set to
  bleed steam in case of increased pressure.
  However, since pressure inside MG can never
  exceed the inlet line pressure, putting a safety
  valve at MG inlet would be sufficient to serve
  the purpose.

45
Journals

• In case journals are to be fitted by shrink
  fitting/ or press fitting, these can be of EN-8
  or EN-9. But, if these are to be welded with dish
  ends and ribs, mild steel should be used.
• Due to a large size of MG, it is often not
  possible to machine the journals to make bearing
  seats after mounting on MG, these must be
  pre-machined.
• Extra care should be taken to ensure that the
  journals are mounted properly in position as
  inaccurate fitting would finally result in extra
  machining requirement for the shell plate during
  grinding as well as uneven thickness of MG across
  circumference.

46
Journal Fitting

• Being MG a low RPM rotating equipment, mild steel
  journals are normally used. These provide an
  additional advantage of being welded with the
  dish ends, and mounting is very easy. It is
  strongly recommended that before welding of the
  journal, position of the same is to be checked
  with specially designed J hook shaped tool.

47
Dish Ends

• Dish ends should have sufficient strength to
  withstand the load applied to these due to
  internal pressure. Typically, the force on an end
  is of the order of 500 Tons.To avoid bending of
  dish ends due to such pressures, tie rods are
  used. Use of external ribs on dish ends also
  helps in preventing bending of dish ends.

48
Stress Relieving
49
Heat Treatment

• Following are the reasons for heat treatment
• To relieve the effects of strain hardening
• To acquire the desired strength and toughness in
  the finished product
• To soften before shaping

50
Heat Treatment Process

• Heat the metal to a temperature (Heating Phase)
• Hold at that temperature (Soaking Phase)
• Slowly cool (Cooling Phase)

51
Purpose

• Reduce hardness and brittleness
• Alter the microstructure for a special property
  (Better surface smoothness)
• Soften the metal for better machinability
• Recrystallize cold worked (strain hardened)
  metals
• Relieve induced residual stresses

52
Effect of Stress Relieving

• Stress relieving is necessary, as the process of
  MG fabrication involves bending, which is never
  completely done by the available techniques. If
  you cut the shall of a newly formed and welded
  shell it will split open in following form-

53
Effect of Stress Relieving

• In this way, the fabricated job remains under
  some stress for a long time. This stress is
  reduced automatically, by a process called CREEP.
  Under this, when any object is kept under stress
  for a long time (years or decades), the stress
  reduces with time the time reduces with increase
  in temperature.

54
Objects under Stress

• Unfortunately, MG is made of different plates,
  which may come under different levels of stress
  during fabrication, and thus stress reduction by
  creep may not be a uniform process throughout MG
  surface during routine operation. That is why, SS
  coating is normally not recommended on new MG
  cylinders without stress relieving.

55
When should SR be done?

• During fabrication. Most common practice is to
  carry out SR after MG is fabricated but before
  machining. A better option is a double SR, one of
  the bare shell duly rounded and welded, to remove
  any fabrication and welding stresses. Afterwards,
  rerolling should be done to make the shell more
  uniform.

56
When should SR be done?

• After SR rolling stresses and welding stresses
  are removed, and during further rolling, minor
  stresses are developed. Then we may put dish ends
  in position, fix journals, ribs on dish end,
  siphon pipes, treys etc., and then finally carry
  out SR. This SR will result in minor shape
  variations that can easily be corrected during
  machining.

57
From where the energy required for SR comes?

• For SR temperature of the object is raised to a
  certain value. This requires a huge amount of
  heat. This heat is achieved by following sources-
• Electricity
• Liquid Fuel (HSD, LDO, FO etc.)
• Solid Fuel (Wood, Coal Etc.)
• Gaseous Fuel (LPG, CNG, Methane etc.)

58
How to check whether SR is being properly done?

• There are different methods available for the
  same-
• Direct method in this temperature inside the
  furnace is measured by calibrated instruments.
  Customer may procure his own testing instruments
  for the same.
• Indirect Method In this an audit of the process
  is conducted and it is evaluated whether the
  required amount of fuel has been consumed or not.
  A fuel consumption lesser than the calculated
  directly indicated that there has been something
  wrong.

59
Direct Method

• Ensure that the thermocouples or RTDs as well as
  the recording instruments are calibrated by
  authorized labs.
• Use of non contact type (Pyrometer type)
  thermometer is also recommended.
• Ensure that the thermocouples or RTDs are not
  placed near the heat source.

60
Indirect Method

• Evaluate the furnace and heating procedure and
  make a detailed audit of the operation.
• Collect sample of fuel for calorific value
  determination, and details of furnace for heat
  capacity of the same.
• In case of electric fired furnace, either ensure
  that the energy meter is calibrated, or use a
  separate portable energy meter.

61
Energy Audit of SR Process
62
Objective

• To ensure that the SR operation is being done
  correctly.
• To explore the possibilities of energy
  conservation and hence cost reduction during SR.

63
Heating System

• Heating may be done by-
• Electricity
• Liquid Fuel (HSD/LDO/HCR/FO)
• Solid Fuel (Wood/Coal)
• Gas (Propane/Methane/LPG/CNG)
• Hot Air

64
Heat Required By the Job

• For any object, the energy required by the job
  for heating is calculated by the formula-
• Energy m c ?t, where
• m is the mass of material
• c is specific heat and
• ?t is temperature rise.

65
Heat Required by Furnace

• Some amount of heat is also absorbed by the
  furnace material. The same can also be calculated
  as given in previous sheet. In case exact mass of
  furnace is not available, relevant calculations
  and approximations may be used.

66
Convection and Radiation Losses

• Being a small time operation, losses from furnace
  walls, and small openings, if any can be
  calculated. For most practical purposes, these
  can be taken as 1-2 of the energy required by
  the job per hour at soaking time. Well, these
  vary substantially, and should be computed
  properly for accurate observations. More detailed
  information on convection and radiation losses
  can be obtained in chemical engineering books.

67
Stack Losses

• In case of electrically fired furnaces, there are
  no stack losses. But, fuels require amounts of
  oxygen and hence air for combustion. The air
  requirement varies from 5-6 kg for coal to around
  7 kg for wood, and 10-11 kg for HSD etc. per kg
  of fuel. The flue gases, equal to the weight of
  air and fuel leave furnace at a temperature
  somewhat higher than the prevailing furnace
  temperature and thus contribute to stack losses.

68
Quantification of Stack Losses

• The stack losses can also be calculated as
  explained earlier. In case specific heat of flue
  gas is not available, it can be assumed to 0.29.
  Stack temperature can be measured using suitable
  instrumentation, and flue gas weight can be
  calculated by multiplying stack area by flue gas
  velocity by density of flue gases at operating
  conditions. Alternatively, it can be assumed as
  sum of fuel weight and theoretical air weight,
  along with some excess air supplied, which can be
  suitably assumed.

69
Total Energy Supplied by Fuel

• Total energy supplied by the fuel is the sum of
  all of these-
• Energy required by the job
• Energy required by the furnace
• Convection and radiation losses
• Stack Losses

70
Fuel Consumption

• From the above, the fuel consumption can be
  calculated as-
• Fuel Consumed
• Total energy supplied by fuel
• Calorific Value of Fuel

71
Efficiency of Furnace

• Efficiency of furnace can be calculated as-
• Efficiency
• Heat given to job/Total heat consumed

72
Internal Firing

• Often, some SR vendors suggest an internal firing
  arrangement for minimizing time required in SR
  operation, particularly if SR facility is away
  from the manufacturer site.
• They suggest use of mineral wool insulation
  around MG cylinder, and put firing arrangement
  inside MG, where the fuel (Conventionally the
  liquid fuel) is fired.

73
Internal Firing Typical Data

• If we consider a sample case of an MG cylinder
  weighing say 40 tons, heat required to raise its
  temperature to 620 deg. From initial 20 deg. At a
  good 75 efficiency would require nearly 1600 kg
  of HSD. With this, the flue gas would weight
  18000 Kg, I.e. approx. 45000 cu.m. at exhaust
  conditions. If the temperature has to be raised
  in 8-10 hours, we require an exhaust of 4500
  cu.m. per hour from the manhole of MG.
  Furthermore, nearly, 1500 cu.m. per hour air has
  also to be injected simultaneously for
  combustion.

74
Internal Firing Not Possible

• As the openings in completely built MG cannot
  allow such huge volumes of air to be passed with
  this information, it is not recommended to
  conduct an SR with internal firing on completely
  built MG cylinder. However, if found necessary,
  it is suggested to evaluate the process before
  taking SR to get it done properly.
• However, in case only shell is being subjected to
  SR, internal firing could be used effectively,
  with reduced fuel consumption, and thus reduced
  cost.

75
First Grinding
76
First Grinding

• First grinding is often most important. This is
  due to the fact that no reference points are
  usually available before proceeding for grinding.
• Arrangements should also be made during first
  grinding for the easy and rapid installation of
  grinding lathe during subsequent grindings.

77
Precautions in First Grinding

• To balance MG statically as well as dynamically.
• To position MG as per journal positions.
• Begin with initial tool cuts, with minimal
  thickness loss.
• To recheck and correct balancing.
• To conduct final grinding.
• To check and correct balancing finally.

78
Imbalance in MG

• Imbalance in MG is due to inaccurate mounting of
  journals, inadequate or improper bending of shell
  plate, deformations caused during stress
  relieving etc.
• Imbalance results in decreased drive load on MG
  section while the high weight section in moving
  from up to down and vice versa during rotation of
  the same during grinding or normal operation.

79
Problems due to Imbalance

• Due to imbalance, load on the drive varies during
  every rotation of MG. Due to such fluctuations,
  particularly if the drive has not well
  synchronized with the equipment (MG), there
  exists minor speed variation.
• Due to this speed variation, we neither get
  uniform moisture of paper in machine direction,
  nor get good runnability of the paper.

80
How to Check Imbalance?

• In the initial stage, when there could be a good
  imbalance, requiring say more than 50Kg weight on
  one side imbalance can be checked by rotating MG
  and allowing to stop by itself.
• If MG stops at a particular position only in few
  trials, or makes pendulum like motion before
  stopping, this means that the top most position
  after MG has stop needs some extra weight to be
  put on.

81
Fine Balancing Checking

• For further measurements, MG is allowed top
  rotate with drive arrangement at moderate speed,
  and the load of the drive is recorded.
• In case of imbalance, load of drive will increase
  and decrease alternatively in every rotation of
  MG.
• The difference between maximum and minimum load
  can be used to calculate the amount of weight
  required for MG balancing.

82
Why should balancing be repeated during first
grinding?

• The first grinding is done on MG, which has a
  surface that is not a perfect circle. During
  initial cuts, a significant part of one side may
  be lost, resulting in weight loss from that side.
• Thus, the other side becomes heavier, and hence,
  MG becomes imbalanced.
• That is why, frequent balancing is a must during
  initial grinding.

83
BIS Specifications
84
IS 8221970

• Code of practice for inspection of welds.

85
IS 13371993

• Electroplated coatings of hard chromium for
  engineering purpose. (Third revision)

86
IS 15861988

• Method for Rockwell hardness test for metallic
  material (scales S-B-C-E-F-G-H-K) (second
  revision)

87
IS 16081995

• Mechanical testing of metals tensile testing
  (second revision) (superseding IS1521, 1663,
  1816,1894,2078,2654,2655, 2657, 2658, 4713 and
  8285)

88
IS 20021992

• Steel plate for pressure vessels for Intermediate
  high temperature service including boilers
  (second revision) (Amendment 2)

89
IS 20411995

• Steel plates for pressure vessels used at
  moderate and low temperature (second revision)
  (Amendment 1)

90
IS 20621992

• Steel for general structural purpose (fourth
  revision) (superseded Is 2261975) (amendments 4)

91
IS 24781991

• Glossary of terms relating to industrial
  radiography (second revision)

92
IS 25951978

• Code of practice for radiographic testing (first
  revision)

93
IS 25981966

• Safety code for industrial radiographic practice

94
IS 35311997

• Glossary of terms relating to corrosion of metals
  (second revision)

95
IS 36581999

• Code of practice for liquid penetrant flaw
  detection (second revision)

96
IS 42601986

• Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of
  butt welds in ferritic steel (second revision)

97
IS 60091970

• Method for evaluation of result of accelerated
  corrosion test

98
IS 7307(Part 1)1974

• Approval tests for welding procedures Part 1
  fusion welding of steel (Amendment 1)

99
IS7310(Part 1)1974

• Approval tests for welders working to approved
  welding procedures Part 1 fusion welding of
  steel

100
IS 7318(Part 1)1974

• Approval tests for welders when welding procedure
  approval is not required Part 1 fusion welding
  of steel

101
IS 8062(Part 1)1976

• Code of practice for cathodic protection of steel
  structures Part 1 General principles

102
IS 8629(Part 1)1977

• Code of practice for protection of iron and steel
  structures from atmospheric corrosion Part
  1-General principles of corrosion and its
  prevention (Amendment 1)

103
IS 8629(Part 2)1977

• Code of practice for protection of iron and steel
  structures from atmospheric corrosion Part 2
  pretreatment (Amendment 1)

104
IS 8629(Part 3)1977

• Code of practice for protection of iron an steel
  structures from atmospheric corrosion Part 3
  protection schemes (Amendment 1)

105
IS 91801991

• Recommendations for performance rating of fuel
  fired furnace (first revision)

106
IS 108011984

• Recommended procedure for heat treatment of
  welded fabrications

107
IS 110831984

• Method for evaluation of friction and wear
  properties of materials against steel surface

108
IS 116301986

• Method of ultrasonic testing of steel plates for
  pressure vessels and special applications

109
IS 124571988

• Code of practice for evaluation repairs and
  acceptance limits of surface defects in steel
  plates, and wide flats

110
IS 134171992

• Code of practice for heat treatment of steel

111
D K Singhal

• Basically an M.E. (Pulp Paper) from Institute
  of Paper Technology, (University of Roorkee, now
  IIT, Roorkee), Saharanpur, 1993. Did B.E. (Pulp
  Paper) from the same institute in 1990. Certified
  Energy Auditor from Bureau of Energy Efficiency
  (BEE), India.
• Having about 15 years of experience and author
  of more than two dozen technical research
  papers covering a vide range of topics including
  waste paper sorting, pulping, waste paper
  recycling, energy conservation, optimization,
  chemical recovery, paper mill electricals, power
  generation, rewinder optimization for trim loss
  minimization, paper making, process
  instrumentation automation, computer
  simulation, quality monitoring etc.
• Contact
• D K Singhal, Sargam Theatre,
• Chandpur 247 625, Dist. Bijnor
• Phone [phone],222330 (O)
• Fax [phone] Mobile [phone]
• E-mail deveshksinghal_at_rediffmail.com
  chandpurpapers_at_yahoo.com