Background

1
Ground Accident Prevention - The Foundations
Answer
Earl Weener, PhD FSF Foundation Fellow
EASS Amsterdam March 13, 2007
2
GAP Purpose

• GAP is a project to reduce accidents and
  incidents that
• Occur during ground operations on airport aprons
  (including adjacent taxiways),
• Occur during the movement of aircraft in and out
  of hangars,
• Directly affect airport operations and/or result
  in injuries or damage to serviceable aircraft,
  facilities or ground-support equipment.

3
Why Ramp Safety?

• Safety -
• Freedom from danger, risk or injury

4
State Of Commercial Aviation
Total Recordable Injuries (TRI) And Lost Workday
Cases (LWC) Per 100 Employees
14
12
10.5
10.0
10
8.2
8
All Industry Averages LWC 1.4 TRI 4.8
6.4
6
5.5
4.8
.
4.0
4
3.5
3.5
3.2
2.7
2.4
2.5
1.9
2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.13
0.25
0
DuPont (2005)
Chemicals
Elec. Pwr. Gen.
Construction
Textile Mills
Aerospace Mfg
Wood Products
Pulp Paper Mfg
Oil Gas Pipelines
Food Manufacturing
Sched. Commercial Air
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Data
Courtesy DuPont
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Where Airline Injuries Occur
Recordable Injuries/Illnesses
US Fatalities 2003 7 2004 14 2005 3
Ramp
Freight
Flight Crew
Line Maintenance
Customer Service
Heavy Maintenance
Ground Svcs Equip.
Flight Attendants
Courtesy DuPont
6
Impacts

• (Estimated industry average
  rates) Per 1,000 Departures
  Globally/Year
• Ground Accidents/Incidents 1.0
  27,000
• Injuries (incl. Deaths) 9.0 243,000
• Operational Impacts
• Employee/asset productivity and effectiveness
• (People, aircraft, equipment availability)
• Service quality and operating efficiency
• Cost and schedule risks
• Customer satisfaction and brand management
• Financial Impacts (Annual Costs)
• Ground accidents/incidents 4.2
• Injuries 5.8B
• Total 10.0B

IATA 27M Departures/Year
7
GAP Program Phases

• Fall 01-Feb 02
• ATA Contact
• Plan, Organize
• BOG Approve

Phase 1 Experience-Based
Phase 2 Data-Based
Phase 3 Managing Safety
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2001
8
GAP Industry Involvement

• Air New Zealand Continental
• Emirates EVA
• FedEx JetBlue
• Qantas USAirways
• South African Airways
• Airbus Boeing
• TAG Aviation NATA
• ATA AITAL
• EBAA ICAO
• AAPA AEA
• NACA IATA
• CAAC AAAE
• ACI NBAA

• Goodrich
• DuPont
• USAIG
• Indal Technologies
• Swiss Port
• BAA
• Metro Washington Airports Authority
• Calgary Airport Authority
• Melbourne Airport
• Raytheon
• Servisair
• Menzies

9
Airline Ground Damage Cost Model

• Models Approximate Costs
• Direct Costs
• Indirect Costs
• Applicable to Single Operator, World-Wide Fleet,
  or Airport
• Available at www.flightsafety.org

10
GAP Cost Insights

• Medium Asian Airline (50 Aircraft)
• Mix of 15 narrow 85 wide body
• Ground Incident 10,303,626
• Personal Injury 10,719,828
• Total 21,023,454

• Large European Airline
• (179 Aircraft)
• Mix of 80 narrow 20 wide body
• Ground Incident 36,001,333
• Personal Injury 35,556,888
• Total 71,568,221

11
Data Collection Data Base

• Data Collection
• Taxonomy
• Excel Spreadsheet
• Paper Data Collection Form
• Data Base
• Excel Spreadsheet
• Access Data Base

12
Data Base - Current Limitations

• Data collection ongoing
• Injury costs based on USA Bureau of Labor
  Statistics
• Over representation of Catering Data
• Under-representation of
• US airlines
• Ground service providers

13
GAP Data Analysis Incident Type
14
Aircraft Damage Location
15
Aircraft Damage - Doors
Damage at doors 29
16
Aircraft Damage Driving Around?
Non-Door Damage 39
17
Baggage Operations Contributing Factors
18
Baggage Operations Contributing Factors with
Unknown Removed
19
Baggage Operations - Injuries by Type
20
Assumptions - Personal Injuries

• Costs include
• Medical emergency and follow-on
• Time off work
• OT incurred by others
• Training / Retraining
• Reporting and Investigation
• Operational disruption
• Impact to insurance rates
• Legal and court costs
• Others

21
Sprain / Strain

• Average Sprain / Strain Injury costs 18,000 USD
• Incident occurs approximately 6.8 incidents per
  1,000 flights at an average cost of 122 per
  flight
• Account for more than 68 of all reported
  personal injuries
• Most from baggage / cargo handling
• Economic Values for Evaluation of Federal
  Aviation Administration Investment and Regulatory
  Programs, FAA-APO-89-10

22
GAP Products

• Data Base
• Common Taxonomy March 2005
• Data Spreadsheet Operational late 2005
• Approximately 7000 events encoded
• Data Collection Tools
• Data entry spreadsheet completed
• Handwrite collection form completed
• Migration to Microsoft ACCESS Database

23
GAP Products

• GAP e-Tool
• On-line October 2005
• Cost Model
• On-line Sept 2006
• Data Collection Analysis Service
• Suite of standard reports available Aug 2006
• Ad hoc data query and analysis on demand

24
GAP Products

• SMS Materials
• Integrated into ETool March 2007
• Leadership Tip Sheets
• Draft Oct 2006
• On-line March 2007
• Ground Safety Tactics
• Draft Jan 2007
• On-line March 2007

25
GAP Tip Sheet 1

26
GAP Products

• GAP TIP Sheet Topics
• Leadership Commitment Questions
• Safety Management Systems for Ramp Operations
• Safety Policy Development
• Roles and Responsibilities in a Safety Management
  System
• Developing Ramp Safety Performance Metrics

27
GAP Products

• Ground Safety Tactics
• Safe Behavior Sampling
• Threat Error Management
• LOSA for the Ramp
• REDA
• Risk Management for Ramp
• Incentive Programs
• CRM For the Ramp

28
GAP Products

• Towing Videos
• Two corporate videos initially on-line
• Third corporate video added Oct 2006
• Operational Safety Procedures
• 2nd Edit in-progress Oct 2006
• Document on-line March 2007
• Innovations, Tools Best Practices
• Draft reviewed Aug 2006
• Integrated into ETool March 2007

29
GAP Deliverables
Data Base
Data Collection Tools
Data Collection Analysis Service
Operational Safety Procedures
Innovations, Tools Best Practices
Leadership Tip Sheets
30
FSF Ground Incident Risk Management Program

• GIRMP Program Administrator
• Promote/Market Program
• Aircraft operators
• Ground service providers
• Manage Data
• Refine data, database and website
• Solicit additional data sources
• Prepare and distribute standard reports
• Respond to requests for ad hoc queries and
  analyses
• Manage and refresh ETool material
• SMS Resources
• Management Leadership Tools and Practices
• Innovations Best Practices
• Manage outsourced web technical resources

31
GAP Development Phases
GAP Phase 2 Data Based
GAP Phase 1 Experience Based
August 2005
2nd Quarter 2007
Ground Incident Risk Management Program
Data Taxonomy Data Collection Tool Data Base Cost
Model
Priority on Data Collection
SMS Applications
Full-time manager Access Data Base Standardized
Reports ROSP Document Template Leadership/Mgt
Materials Best Practices Innovations Available
On-line via e-Tool
E-Tool Application Development
Focus on Data Analysis
Ramp Operational Safety Procedures
Development of Data-based Interventions
32

• GAP Goals
• Enable positive changes in safety behavior
• Spur changes in how resources are allocated
• Enable measurable safety improvements

33
Flight Safety Foundation
www.flightsafety.org
earl.weener_at_earthlink.net vandel_at_flightsafety.org
34