Biotechnology

1
Biotechnology
2
Biotechnology

• Any process that uses our understanding of living
  things to create a product

3
Genetic Engineering

• The process of making changes in the DNA code of
  living organisms

4

• Genetic engineering can be accomplished through
  transformation.
• Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from
  outside the cell. This DNA becomes part of the
  cells DNA.
• This can be accomplished with the help of
  bacteria.

5
Bacterial Transformation

• The changing of one strain of bacteria into
  another strain

6

• Plasmid a circular piece of DNA found in
  bacteria
• F bacterium contains a plasmid
• F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid

7
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.

8
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 2-Isolate the gene of interest.
• A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes
  for a protein we want more of

9
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a
  restriction enzyme
• This leaves sticky ends
• Which need to be the complement of the sticky
  ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

10
Sticky Ends
11
Sticky Ends

• The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the
  sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

12
Sticky Ends
13
Sticky Ends
14
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 4-Insert the gene of interest

15
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a
  new bacterium.
• Recombinant DNA DNA produced by combining DNA
  from different organisms

16
Steps of Bacterial Transformation

• 6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid.
  All descendants express the inserted gene

17
Bacterial Transformation
18
Other Types of Transformation

• Plants
• -Use bacteria that insert their plasmid into
  plant cells
• -removing cell walls sometimes allows plant
  cells to take up foreign DNA on their own

19
Other Types of Transformation

• Animals
• -Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be
  directly injected

20

• Genetically Engineered
• Products

21
Production of Human Insulin

• Insulin regulates the blood sugar level.
• The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast
  or bacteria, from which large quantities of the
  human insulin are manufactured

http//publications.nigms.nih.gov/genetics/images/
ch1_diagram.gif
http//www.ingenious.org.uk/media/4.0_SAC/webimage
s/1032/1/10321271_3.jpg
22
Golden Rice

• Undernourished people in poorer countries may
  have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A
• Contains beta-carotene, which forms Vitamin A

23
Golden Rice

• Genes for making beta-carotene are taken from
  daffodils and inserted into the genome of rice

http//www.bairesbiotec.org.ar/images/speake1.jpg
http//www.jewishworldreview.com/toons/varvel/biot
ech.protest.gif
24
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone

• rBGH is a genetically engineered version of a
  hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of
  cows and controls milk production
• rBGH can increase cows milk production by as
  much as 20-30

http//www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/rB
GH.jpg
http//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageMilk_glass.
jpg
25
Spider Silk

• Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than
  steel
• One method involves inserting the gene from a
  weaving spider into a fertilized goat egg. The
  resultant spider-goat produces milk that can be
  manufactured into strong fibers.

http//www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/goat.jpg
26
Spider Silk

• To make flak jackets, rope, textiles, sutures,
  artificial tendons, and bandages for burn victims

27
Glowing Organisms

• Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted into
  other organisms
• The organism glows under UV light

http//www.fluorescentpets.com/prod31.jpg
28
Bt Crops

• Bt is a bacterium that is toxic to some insects.
  In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic
  effect is inserted into the DNA of plants
• Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands
  of times more powerful than the chemical spray
  insecticides

29

• Transgenic Organisms Any organism whose genome
  incorporates and expresses genes from the same or
  a different species
• Genetically modified products Altering the DNA
  of an organism to get it to express different
• traits.