SAD_Chapter1

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Chapter 1Assuming the Role of the Systems Analyst

• Systems Analysis and Design
• Kendall Kendall
• Sixth Edition

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2 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
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Systems Analysis and Design

• 1. System Design
• Is the process of planning a new business to
  replace or
• complement the old.
• 2. System Analysis
• Is the process of gathering and interpreting
  facts, diagnosing problems, and using the facts
  to improve the system.

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Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
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What is System Analysis and Design?
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Is the process of examining a business situation
  with the intent of improving it through better
  procedures and methods.
• Is a series of processes which are systematically
  undertaken to improve a business through the use
  of computerized information system.

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Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
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What is a Systems Analyst?
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Studies the problems and needs of a business to
  determine how people, process, data,
  communications, and technology can best
  accomplish improvements for the business.
• Is a business problems solver.
• Develops both an organizations business systems
  and its information system.

• Business System involves day-to-day business
  operations.
• IS generates information to help managers solve
  problems and make intelligent decisions

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Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
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Information as Organization Resource
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Information
• Is an organizational resource which must be
  managed as carefully as other resources.
• Costs are associated with information processing
• Information processing must be managed to take
  full advantage of its potential

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Information as Organization Resource
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Type of Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Information systems fall into one of the
  following eight categories
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Management Information Systems
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)

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Type of Systems
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Transaction Processing Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Developed to process large amounts of data for
  routine business transactions such as payroll and
  inventory.
• Eliminate the tedium of necessary operational
  transactions
• Reduce the time once required to perform these
  transactions manually although people still must
  input the data.
• Generate data used by managers as up-to-the
  minute information about what is happening in
  their companies.
• Computer-based versions of manual organization
  systems dedicated to handle the organizations
  transactions.

• Transactions
• Individual simple events in the life of an
  organization that contain data about
  organizational activity.

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Type of Systems
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Office Automation Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Support data workers who do not usually create
  new knowledge but rather analyze information as
  to transform data or manipulate it in some way
  before sharing it with.
• It includes word processing, spreadsheets,
  desktop publishing, electronic scheduling, and
  communication through voice mail, e-mail and
  video conferencing.
• The keyword that characterizes OA is
  communication
• is intended to facilitate both oral and written
  communication.
• Capability to link people electronically for
  office work called virtual office, a term that
  suggests that office work can be done at
  virtually any geographically location as long as
  the work site is linked to one or more of the
  firms fixed locations.

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Type of Systems
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Knowledge- Work System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Support professional workers such as scientists,
  engineers and doctors by aiding them in their
  efforts to create new knowledge and by allowing
  them to contribute it to their organization or to
  society bat large.

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Type of Systems
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Management Information System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Supports a broader spectrum of organizational
  task.
• Helps unite some of the computerized information
  functions of a business.
• Requires people, software, hardware, shared
  database.
• Output is used for decision analysis and
  decision-making.

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Type of Systems
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Decision-Support System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Emphasize the support in decision-making in all
  phases, the actual decision is still exclusive to
  the decision-maker.
• Experimental in nature, where the user tries
  different inputs to see their effects. The
  responses is used to try new inputs, and the
  process continues until a satisfactory result is
  obtained.

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Type of Systems
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Expert System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Known as knowledge-based system, which captures
  and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a
  problem experienced in a business.
• Uses the approaches of AI
• Selects the best solution to a problem.
• Uses languages such as PROLOG, or LISP.

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Type of Systems
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Group Decision Support System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Used in special rooms equipped in a number of
  different configurations, permit group members to
  interact with electronic support.
• Intended to bring a group together to solve a
  problem with the help of various supports such as
  polling, questionnaires, brainstorming, and
  scenario creation.
• Under general term computer supported
  collaborative work (CSCW) which include
  groupware for team collaboration.

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Type of Systems
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Executive Support Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Help executives organize their interaction with
  the external environment by providing graphics
  and communications support in accessible places
  such as boardrooms or personal corporate offices.
• Extend and support the capabilities of
  executives, permitting them to make sense of
  their environments.

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Type of Systems
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New Technologies

• New technologies are being integrated into
  traditional systems
• Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business
  activities.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal
  of integrating many different information systems
  within the corporation.
• Wireless and handheld devices, including mobile
  commerce (mcommerce).
• Open source software.

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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• E-Commerce Applications and Web Systems
• Migrated to the WWW as to conceived and
  implemented as Web-based technologies.
• Internet was the most favored strategy to pursue
  business growth.
• Increasing awareness of the availability of the
  service, product, industry, person, or group
• 24-hour access for users
• Standard interface design
• Creating a global system

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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
• Designed to perform integration of many
  information systems existing on different
  management levels and within different functions.

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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Systems for Wireless and Handheld Devices
• The analyst designed standard or wireless
  communications networks that integrate voice,
  video, an e-mail into organizational intranets or
  industry extranets.

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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Open Source Software
• Open-Source software is an alternative to
  traditional software development where
  proprietary code is hidden from the users.
• Stands for development model and philosophy of
  distributing software free and publishing its
  source code.
• The source code can be studied, shared and
  modified by many users and programmers.

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Integrating Technologies for Systems
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Nature of Analysis and Design

• Systems analysis and design is a systematic
  approach to
• Identifying problems, opportunities, and
  objectives.
• Analyzing the information flows in organizations.
• Designing computerized information systems to
  solve a problem.

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Role of Systems Analyst

• Systems analysts act as
• Outside consultants to businesses.
• Supporting experts within a business.
• As change agents.
• Analysts are problem solvers, and require
  communication skills.
• Analysts must be ethical with users and customers.

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The Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design

• is a systematic and orderly approach to solving
  business problems, and developing and supporting
  resulting information systems.
• Traditional methodology used to develop,
  maintain, and replace information systems.
• Evolution of process that is followed in
  implementing a computer-based information system.
• It sometimes called an Applications Development
  Life Cycle

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The SDLC
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Phase1 Identifying Problems, Opportunities and
Objectives
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Systems Analysis and Design

• This stage is critical to the success of the rest
  of the object, because no one wants to waste
  subsequent time addressing the wrong problem.
• The Analyst pinpoints problems.
• Opportunities are situations that the that the
  analyst believes can be improve upon through the
  use of computerized information systems
• The Analyst must discover what the business is
  trying to do to reach its objectives by
  addressing specific problems or opportunities.

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The SDLC
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Phase1 Identifying Problems, Opportunities and
Objectives
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Recognize the Problem
• What is a problem?
• When is a problem advantageous?
• Define the problem
• Is it the correct problem?
• Set System Objectives
• How will you solve the problem?
• Identify system constraints
• What are the boundaries/limitations of the
  system?

Steps
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The SDLC
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Phase 2 Determining Information Requirements
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Formal process of using research, interview,
  questionnaires, sampling and other techniques to
  collect information about system, requirements
  and preferences.
• SA team collects information on what the system
  should do from as many sources as possible from
  users of the current system, from observing users
  and from existing reports, forms and procedures
  information gathering, data collection, data
  gathering

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The SDLC
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Phase 3 Analyzing System Needs
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Analysis
• The study o the existing system for the purpose
  of designing a new or improved system
• Announce the systems study
• What is the reason of the study?
• What benefits will the employees and the
  organization get from the study?

Steps
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The SDLC
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Phase 3 Analyzing System Needs
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Cont.
• Organize the project team
• Who does that?
• Define the information needs
• - what kind of information will be needed?
• - what tools should be used to get the
  information effectively?
• Define the system performance criteria
• Prepare the design proposal

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The SDLC
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Phase 3 Analyzing System Needs
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Activities
• Identify and describe complete problem
  specification
• Studies and documents the current system in
  terms of its problems, requirements for the new
  system
• Prepares a list of requirements for the new
  system
• Diagram the functions of the existing system
  necessary for the development of the new system

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The SDLC
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Phase 4 Designing the Recommended System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Design
• The determination of the process and data that
  are required by a new system
• Prepare the detailed systems design
• Identify alternative system configurations
• Evaluate alternative system configurations
• Select the best configuration
• Prepare the implementation proposal
• Approve or reject the proposal

Steps
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The SDLC
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Phase 4 Designing the Recommended System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Design the user interface
• Design Output
• Design input
• Design system controls
• Design files and/or database
• Produce program specifications
• Produce decision trees or tables

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The SDLC
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Phase 5 Developing and Documenting Software
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Design compute programs using structure charts,
  Nassi-Schneiderman Charts, Data Flow Diagram and
  Pseudo code
• Walkthrough program design
• Write computer programs
• Document software with help files, procedures
  manuals, and Web sites with Frequently Asked
  Questions

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The SDLC
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Phase 6 Testing and Maintaining the System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Test and debug computer programs
• Test the computer system
• Enhance system
• Maintenance
• Use the system
• Audit the system
• Conduct a post implementation review
• Maintain the system
• correct the errors
• Keep the system current
• Improve the system

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The SDLC
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Phase 7 Implementing and Evaluating the System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Implementation
• The acquisition and integration of the physical
  and conceptual resources that produce a working
  system
• Plan the implementation
• Announce the implementation
• Obtain the hardware resources
• Obtain the software resources
• Prepare the database

Steps
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The SDLC
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Phase 7 Implementing and Evaluating the System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Prepare the physical facilities
• Educate the participants and users
• Cut over to the new system
• Conversion Methods
• Immediate / Direct
• Outright conversion from old system to new system
• Applicable to small firms/systems
• Phased
• Parallel

Cont
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The SDLC
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Phase 7 Implementing and Evaluating the System
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Systems Analysis and Design

• Phased
• The new system put into use one part at a time
• Popular to large-scale systems
• Parallel
• Old system is implemented simultaneously with the
  new one
• Greatest assurance against failure but most
  expensive

Cont
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The SDLC
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Phase 7 (Continued)

• Personnel involved
• Analyst.
• System designer.
• Programmers.
• User management.
• User operations workers.
• Systems management.

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Rapid Application Development

• Rapid Application development (RAD) is an
  object-oriented approach to systems development.

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System Maintenance

• System maintenance is
• Removing undetected errors, and
• Enhancing existing software.
• Time spent on maintenance typically ranges from
  48-60 percent of total time.

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System Enhancements

• Systems are enhanced for the following reasons
• Adding additional features to the system.
• Business and governmental requirements change
  over time.
• Technology, hardware, and software are rapidly
  changing.

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