Vision

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Vision

• General eye changes
• External changes
• Crows feet
• Senile entropion
• Senile ectropion

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• Internal changes
• Pupil less responsive to light and can decrease
  in size
• Density and size of lens decrease
• Depth perception is distorted
• Diminished capability for making tears

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• Presbyopia
• Lens becomes rigid and less elastic
• Leads to the need for reading glasses
• Considered normal aging process

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Cataracts

• 1 eye problem in elders
• Cloudy or opaque areas in part or all of the lens

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• Signs and symptoms
• Loss of vision
• Blurred vision
• Bright lights are bothersome

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Treatments

• Surgery is only treatment

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• Nursing
• Safety
• What are some safety interventions?
• Sunglasses
• Avoid bright lights

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Glaucoma

• 2 eye problem in elders
• Major cause of blindness in this population
• Inadequate drainage of fluid in the anterior
  chamber of the eye

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Two types

• Acute (closed angle)
• Chronic (open angle)

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• Acute glaucoma
• Severe eye pain
• Blurred vision
• Increased IOP
• Headache
• Vomitting
• Can go blind if not treated in 24 hours!!

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• Treatment
• Eye drops
• Iridectomy can be performed if needed

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• Chronic glaucoma
• Develops gradually
• Slow changes to peripheral vision
• Treatment
• Eye drops
• Laser surgery

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• Once vision is lost, it can not be restored!!!

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Macular degeneration

• Damage to the macula small area in the retina

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• Loss of central vision
• Treatment
• Laser for some
• Generally no treatment
• Treat underlying causes
• Leads to blindness

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Nursing process

• Assessment
• Environmental assessment
• Diagnoses
• Interventions

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Hearing

• General changes
• High frequency sounds are lost
• Build up of ceremun
• Affects more men than women
• Presbycusis
• Progressive hearing loss due to aging process

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• Conductive hearing loss
• Due to blockage of the sound conducting system
• Otosclerosis, cerumen build up

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• Sensorineural loss
• Due to damage or loss in the inner ear auditoy
  nerve or brain
• Do not receive signals or send correct info

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• Causes of hearing loss
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.

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Nursing process

• Assessment
• Diagnosis (pg. 388)
• Interventions

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Taste, Smell, Touch

• Taste
• Decrease in taste buds for salty and sweet
• Smell
• Decrease slightly with age, by 80 it decreases by
  ½
• Decrease in number of sensory cells in nasal
  lining and fewer cells in olfactory bulb of brain
• Touch
• Tactile sensation decreases to pain, pressure and
  temperature

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Interventions

• Focus on stimulation of all senses with daily
  activities
• Colors with meals
• Scented candles
• Baking
• Sounds
• Conversation
• Music/books