PREGNANCY

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PREGNANCY CHILDBIRTH

• What is the significance of each of the following
  numbers?
• 1
• 24
• 36
• 48
• 100

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Significance

• 1 Within 1 hour, sperm reach the egg
• 24 - Egg is capable of being fertilized for 24
  hours.
• 1st mitosis 24 hours after fertilization
• 36 - 36 hours after conception, HCG produced
  by embryo
• 48 Sperm still motile after 48 hours
• 100-Cells break out of zona pellucida become
  embedded in endometrium

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Capacitation

• Acrosome membrane becomes softened
• Possible role of support cells
• Release of enzyme (hyaluronidase)
• Capacitation followed by
• HYPERMOTILITY

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Sperm
Egg
Fertilization
mitosis
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Zygote
Many mitosis
Trophoblast
Becomes embedded
Blastocyst
Chorionic villi
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HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropic Hormone

• Produced by blastocyst
• Keeps corpus luteum functioning (producing
  estrogen progesterone)
• Depresses mothers immune system allows
  implantation

Ovary
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Pregnancy Tests

• Blood test (RIA) can be done 36 hours after
  fertilization. Very sensitive to HCG
• EPT (Early Pregnancy Tests) Uses urine. Tests
  for HCG in urine.
• EPT can lead to false positive tests false
  negative tests

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Stages of embryo development

• Zygote (60 dont make it)
• Blastocyst (HCG production)
• Trophoblast (embedded)
• Embryo (up to the 8th week)
• Fetus (months 3 9)

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2 eggs 2 sperm
1 egg 1 sperm
Zygote or early embryo splits
Fraternal Twins
Identical Twins
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266 days
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Vernix caseosa 196 days
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Placenta

• Connected to umbilical cord
• Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide,
  wastes, hormones
• Prevents most bacteria and viruses from entering
  fetal blood (except HIV)
• Medications, drugs, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine,
  amphetamines, heroin, cocain, opium, codeine,
  etc. can cross

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Three Stages of Childbirth
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Stage 1

• Effacement thinning of cervix
• Regular and progressive contractions
• Dilation of cervix to 3.9 (10 cm)
• Amniotic sac rupture
• Mucus plug expelled (plug kept out bacteria and
  viruses)

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Stage 2

• Begins when baby moves into birth canal (vagina)
• Passage of baby through cervix, vagina
• Ends when baby is born

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Stage 3

• Placenta detaches from endometrium
• Placenta is expelled

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Other factors

• Less than 4 are breech births (buttocks or legs
  first)
• Post-Partum Psychosis
• 10-15 of mothers experience PPP
• Several weeks after birth
• Intensified emotional highs and lows
• Continuum and Andrea Yates (drowns 5 children)