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Patrick Fagan, The Greenville News, May 19, 2002. ... Compared to the boring twits in history and the dry-as dust technicians in economics. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: A Show of


1
A Show of Fallacies
2
  • Straw Man occurs when the author attempts to
    make a decision between opposing views very
    obvious.
  • Not one of 800 sexologists at a recent
    conference raised a hand when asked if they would
    trust a thin rubber sheath to protect them during
    intercourse with a known HIV infected person. ...
    And yet they're perfectly willing to tell our
    kids that "safe sex" is within reach and that
    they can sleep around with impunity.

Straw Man
  • The author attempts to draw the reader toward
    their side of the argument by making the
    sexologist sound hypocritical and therefore less
    creditable through their actions to condone
    protected sex for others but yet they would not
    subject themselves to it.
  • gncurtis.home.texas.net/

3
  • In attempts to prove an argument, the author may
    enact this fallacy by making the assumption that
    what they are proving is true.

Reasoning
  • "How do we know that we have here in the Bible a
    right criterion of truth? We know because of the
    Bible's claims for itself. All through the
    Scripture are found frequent expressions such as
    'Thus says the Lord.' 'The Lord said,'and 'God
    spoke.' Such statements occur no less than 1,904
    times in the 39 books of the Old Testament."

Circular
  • The argument under discussion above is proven
    through the assumption that the Bible is an
    unquestionable source of truth.
  • Gilbert W. Kirby, "Is the Bible True?" Decision,
    Vol. 1, Jan. 1974, p. 4. Cited by S. Morris
    Engel in Analyzing Informal Fallacies,
    Prentice- Hall, 1980, p. 55.

4
PREJUDICE
Appeal to
  • This is an appeal that deals with a persons
    predisposition to a certain group of people.
    Emotion is most commonly negative.

Herr God, Herr Lucifer. Beware. Beware. Out of
the Ash I rise with my red hair And I eat men
like air
  • The author appeals to the prejudice of Hitler
    against all Jews and through this she rises above
    the persecution no matter her hair color.
  • Sylvia Path, Literature and its Authors.

5
  • Through this fallacy the reader is persuaded to
    agree with the author do to the authors pitiful
    state of being.
  • Three of us had alternated between professional
    life and motherhood one of us abandoned a career
    as a chef to become a full- time mommy. We
    talked about the trade-offs we had made, the
    difficulties and compromises women must

make when they work outside the home, inside the
home, or a little (or a lot) of both
Appeal to
  • The women are seeking consolation from other
    women in a similar situation, when in reality
    these are issues that women must face as a part
    of their role as working mothers.

Suzanne Fields, Anti-Natal agenda views
motherhood as the enemy, The Greenville News, May
18, 2002.
PITY
6
HASTY
G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N
  • This generalization comes when there is clearly
    not significant evidence to support it.
  • ... Quebec environment minister Lise Bacon
    pledged the PCBs would be moved out and broken
    down somehow within 18 months. She also said that
    PCBs couldn't be all that dangerous because her
    father had washed his hands in PCBs but lived to
    an old age.
  • Her fathers not having negative effects from
    PCBs, does not provided evidence enough to
    support the idea that they are not dangerous on
    general terms.
  • Merritt Clifton, "PCB Homecoming", Greenpeace,
    November/ December, 1989, p. 21. GNC

7
Authority
Appeal to
  • In some cases a reference to authority is
    suitable to backup a point, but more often it is
    not as in the case that the person is joking of
    not qualified about the subject at hand.
  • If Pete Sampras shills for Pizza Hut, then
    their pizza must be the best. If a champion
    athlete is possessed of certain ineffable
    qualities--grit or sportsmanship--and that
    athlete happens to speak be imbued with the
    fat-grilling equivalent of grit and
    sportsmanship.
  • By appealing to a famous athlete, the product
    under discussion is raised through the athletes
    creditable qualities which are not necessarily
    true about Pizza Hut.
  • Nicholas Confessore, The American Prospect,
    December 20, 1999, pp. 24-5.

8
Part for the Whole
  • This fallacy deals with the aspect of
    substituting parts of an object for the entire
    thing.
  • Hold the cheese! Thats the advice for pizza
    lovers from a consumer group that says just one
    slice of a meat covered pizza stuffed with cheese
    contains as much fat and calories as a McDonalds
    Quarter Pounder.
  • Rather than addressing the nutrition facts of
    the entire pizza, this excerpt singles out one
    single part, the cheese, when in fact, the entire
    pizza hold similar characteristics.
  • The Greenville news, The Associated Press,
    Saturday May 18, 2002.

9
Whole for the Parts
  • When an assumption is through the judgment of
    an entire group rather than that of an
    individuals.
  • Boys soccer team- best looking
  • Rather than judging the appearance of individual
    teammates, an assumption is drawn on the team as
    a whole.
  • Josh Bell and Chad Propst, The High News, May 21,
    2002.

10
  • Appeal to Spite is an attempt to react with a
    persons feeling of anger or hatred towards an
    individual or a certain group of people.
  • ... Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous
    decree came as a great beacon light of hope to
    millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in
    the flames of withering injustice. It came as a
    joyous daybreak to end the long night of
    captivity. But one hundred years later, we must
    face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not
    free.
  • This exemplifies appeal to spite through the
    speaker inciting feelings of oppression from the
    blacks through the harm and injustice that the
    white men pushed upon the blacks over
    generations. More specifically this was spoken
    by Martin Luther King who suffered from racial
    inequality.
  • http//www.mecca.org/crights/dream.html

A P P E A L T O
11
Appeal to Common Practice
  • Though this fallacy, an argument is justified
    through the belief that everyone reflects on
    something as a common and accepted practice.
  • "a nation of warriors and fanatics, marching
    forward in perfect unity, all thinking the same
    thoughts and shouting the same slogans,
    perpetually working, fighting, triumphing,
    persecuting - three hundred million people all
    with the same face."
  • Although war is basically a normal and
    accepted practice, the novel takes it to such an
    extreme that the army almost transcends into one
    identity.
  • George Orwell, 1984, Part 1, Chapter 7, pg. 77

12
Appeal to Loyalty
  • This notion deals with the ability to make a
    person or group feel as if they should act in the
    best interest of the group, regardless of how the
    individual feels.
  • According to other critics, the Catholic
    Churchs problem is that it is not modern and
    refuses to take marching orders from the likes of
    people such as himself. The gospel according
    to Keller and his fellow collapses is that the
    Catholic church and by implications all
    religion must conduct the ultimate makeover and
    adapt to this present age.
  • The author portrays a feeling of loyalty to his
    church through his expressed opinions that the
    church should become modern to fit the new
    religious views of the day.
  • Cal Thomas- Editorial, The Greenville News,
    Saturday May 18, 2002.

13
FEAR
A p p e a l t o
This appeal is very persuasive as it draws from
one of the strongest emotions. By threatening
the
safety or happiness of those that are targets,
the author drives them to his side of the
argument so that they might protect those things
that have been threatened.
  • You hang by a slender thread, with the flames
    of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready
    every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder
  • Through an appeal to religious faith, Edwards
    overly stresses his threats of everlasting
    damnation in attempts to frighten the audience
    into agreement with his message.
  • Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an
    Angry God.

14
  • Simply because the bad actions of one individual
    do provoke another bad action of another, this
    chain of wrongs is not always justified.

WRONG
WRONG
  • This cartoon expresses that the Jews are at
    blame for simply responding to suicide bombings
    while both parties believed that their actions
    were justified.
  • The Greenville News, Associated Press, May 20,
    2002.

15
  • An argument based on silence replaces evidence
    with a space of time in which the reader hears
    nothing at all.
  • And immediately he rose up before them, and
    took up that whereon he lay, and departed to his
    own house, glorifying God. (Luke 5 25-26.)
  • As it is true of most passages in the Bible, all
    logical evidence is replaced by a simple presence
    of faith which must be acquired to fulfill the
    arguments made within. As it is within this
    passage, no evidence is provided that this
    actually took place, but the reader has only
    silence to lay the foundation for their belief.

Argument from
16
  • This fallacy comes into effect when a person
    attempts to make a more positive argument by
    covering both sides of the issue. Although this
    can be a creditable attribute, it is not
    necessarily essential.

Equity
False
  • said Gwendolyne Wright, principle of Sirrine
    Elementary in Greenville, which received a
    Palmetto Silver award despite having a below
    average report card grade.
  • When the author included the negative results of
    the schools first report card, the author did
    cover both sides of the schools achievement
    levels, but this addition was unnecessary in
    regards to the argument at hand.
  • Jason Zacher, The Greenville News, May 21, 2002.

17
GENERALIZATION
SWEEPING
  • This generalization contains sufficient
    evidence, but the conclusion that is reached
    takes a step beyond what the evidence supports.
  • Around the corner from Sundays attack, Shaul
    Navah said the Israeli operation had accomplished
    nothing significant. There isnt a day or place
    I feel safe anymore, said Mr. Navah. Calling
    Palestinians an unforgiving people, full of
    vengeance, Mr. Navah said, Ill feel safe when
    we start behaving toward them the same way they
    behave toward us.
  • This exhibits a sweeping generalization through
    the authors actions of placing all Palestinians
    in a negative connotation due to actions of just
    a few. This assumption is not supported by the
    evidence given.
  • http//www.nytimes.com/2002/05/20/international/m
    iddleeast/21CND-MIDE.html

18
Appeal to
Belief
COMMON
  • Though this fallacy, an argument is justified
    through the belief that everyone reflects on
    something as a common and accepted practice.
  • And all the reports on his conduct agree That,
    in the modern sense of an old fashioned world, he
    was a saint
  • Although the man under discussion was unknown,
    it was commonly accepted that he was a good man
    through reports on his life.
  • Auden, The Unknown Soldier.

19
A p p e a l t o
  • This fallacy deals with the ability to pay
    compliments in hopes that the end result is a
    predisposition toward an agreement. The success
    of the fallacy depends on the compliment, the
    subject, and how closely related the compliment
    is.

VANITY
  • Maybe shes born with it, maybe its Maybeline.
  • By opening with a compliment the author succeeds
    in drawing in the audience and their efforts to
    create an end result is also successful as the
    latter part of the sentence draws a parallel
    compliment to their product.
  • Maybeline Sales Propaganda

20
Ad Hominem
  • This fallacy rejects an argument through an
    unrelated point which lowers the creditability of
    the author.
  • "Instead of beating your chest over the current
    political-contribution system, why don't you
    advocate a solution? The last thing our political
    system needs is Time magazine sermonizing about
    'how the little guy gets hurt.' I'm sure there
    are a lot of 'little guys' in the magazine
    business that have been flattened by Time's fat
    feet too."
  • Through ridicule of the Time magazine the
    author makes the argument of the magazine come
    off as irrelevant.
  • Rob Windoffer, Chicago, Letters, Time, February
    28, 2000.
  • gncurtis.home.texas.net/

21
?
L O A D E D
  • This fallacy comes into effect when a question
    is worded which would provoke a contradictory to
    ones normal response no matter how the recipient
    answers the question.
  • Why should merely cracking down on terrorism
    help to stop it, when that method hasnt worked
    in any other country? Why are we so hated in the
    Muslim world?
  • This is a loaded question because there is no
    one answer that can result in a correct solution
    to all the questions.
  • Mark Crispin Miller, Brain Drain,
    http//gncurtis.home.texas.net/

22
  • An extremely positive outcome is suggested in
    hopes of distracting from the remotely associated
    evidence.
  • If, under such governments, the quality of the
    rulers is high enough, then the nation may for
    generations lead a brilliant career, and add
    substantially to the sum of the world
    achievement, no matter how low the quality of the
    average citizen.
  • In an address calling for higher quality
    citizens in order for a positive democracy, TR
    states that even if the quality of the citizens
    is low that maybe with a strong government,
    democracy will possibly still prevail.
  • Theodore Roosevelt, History as Literature IV,
    Citizenship in a Republic, 1913.

Wishful Thinking
23
  • This fallacy provides that a former or negative
    action taken could later have an effect on
    something very remotely related.
  • President Bush wants to devote 300 million
    dollars for states and local communities to
    experiment with programs that encourage poor
    couples to marryand stay married.
  • Through President Bushs attempts to donate
    money, indirect consequences is seen as this will
    hopefully lead to improved marriages. However,
    these added funds will not positively guarantee
    this improvement.
  • Patrick Fagan, The Greenville News, May 19, 2002.

Indirect
Consequences
24
FALSE
Dilemma
  • False dilemma is when two topics that are
    clearly not contrary are present as

if they were able to be looked at as
contradictory topics.
  • Anyone who has actually read Murray Rothbard
    comes away thinking he did rather well in both
    fields. Compared to the boring twits in history
    and the dry-as dust technicians in economics.
  • Through comparison of the former and new
    Rothbard, a dilemma is reached through the
    comparison of synonymous topics which are both
    described as boring or dry.
  • http//www.spintechmag.com/0002/js0200.htm

25
  • This fallacy comes into effect when the cause is
    given before the effect. Post Hoc is Latin for
    after this, therefore because of this.
  • Once she beats me, I go back and work really
    hard, and then I beat her. Then She goes back
    and works really hard, and she beats me.

POST HOC
  • The cause, which is their efforts to work very
    hard, then result in their success in succeeding
    over the other. This order of cause and events
    allows for the use of Post Hoc.
  • Rebecca Onion, Eat Their Wakes, YM Magazine,
    June, 2002.

26
PROOF
Burden of
  • This fallacy is used in favor of one certain
    argument by weighting how heavily each side of a
    dispute needs to prove. In attempts to create
    easier support for a certain point, the author
    shifts the burden of proof.
  • Its not about the dress code. It has become an
    obedience issue. Students know what they are
    supposed to wear.
  • Dr. Harner shifts the blame from himself to the
    student body and their decisions made about the
    dress code.
  • Earnest Crosby, The Greenville News, May 18,
    2002.

27
False
Compromise
  • When an argument under discretion is feebly
    fought for on opposing sides, a decision is
    reached on the issue at hand by splitting the
    difference, although the result is most likely
    incorrect.
  • Studies done by two teams of researchers at the
    University of California at San Diego resulted in
    varying statistics on the rate of divorce by a
    male under the age of 45. An average taken for
    the universities final report was calculated at
    approximately 49.
  • Through the Universities action to make an
    average of the two teams results, the final
    product is obviously erroneous as a compromise
    cannot be reached when there is only one correct
    answer.
  • The Associated Press, The Chicago Tribune, May
    15, 2002.
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