History of Federal Legistration concerning Animal Use

1
History of Federal Legistration concerning Animal
Use
2

• Legislation to regulate experimental use of
  animals was introduced in Congress in 1880
  following the lead of the 1876 British Cruelty to
  Animals Act.
• 1965 Pepper, the Dalmatian dog
• 1966 Life article about dog dealers
  Concentration Camps for Dogs"
• The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was signed into
  law by President Johnson in the summer of 1966.

3
The "Animal Welfare Act"

• to insure that animals intended for use in
  research facilities or for exhibition purposes or
  for use as pets are provided humane care and
  treatment
• to assure the humane treatment of animals during
  transportation in commerce
• to protect the owners of animals from the theft
  of their animals by preventing the sale or use of
  animals which have been stolen

4
The first version of the "Animal Welfare Act and
its amendments
5
Act of August 24, 1966

• Enacted August 24, 1966, Public Law 89-544 is
  what commonly is referred to as The Animal
  Welfare Act although that title is not mentioned
  within the law. It authorizes the Secretary of
  Agriculture to regulate transport, sale, and
  handling of dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, guinea
  pigs, hamsters, and rabbits intended to be used
  in research or "for other purposes." It requires
  licensing and inspection of dog and cat dealers
  and humane handling at auction sales. The
  complete amended act can be found in United
  States Code, Title 7, Sections 2131-2156.

6
Animal Welfare Act of 1970

• Enacted December 24, 1970, Public Law 91-579
  expands the list of animals covered by the Act to
  include all warm-blooded animals determined by
  the Secretary of Agriculture as being used or
  intended for use in experimentation or exhibition
  except horses not used in research and farm
  animals used in food and fiber research.
  Exhibitors are incorporated into the act and
  research facilities are defined.

7

• Retail pet stores, state and county fairs,
  rodeos, purebred dog and cat shows, and
  agricultural exhibitions are exempt from the Act.
  The Secretary is directed to develop regulations
  regarding record-keeping and humane care and
  treatment of animals in or during commerce,
  exhibition, experimentation, and transport. There
  is also mention of inspections, and appropriate
  anesthetics, analgesics, and tranquilizers. There
  are further regulations on dog and cat commerce.

8
Animal Welfare Act Amendments of 1976

• Enacted April 22, 1976, Public Law 94-279 is
  primarily refining previous regulations on animal
  transport and commerce. "Carrier" and
  "Intermediate Handler" are defined. Health
  certification prior to transport of sale is
  required and must be performed by a veterinarian.
  Licenses, method of payment, and penalties for
  violations are discussed. This amendment also
  introduces and defines "animal fighting ventures"
  to the Act. Animals used in hunting waterfowl,
  foxes, etc. are exempt. It is illegal to exhibit
  or transport via interstate or foreign commerce
  animals used in fighting ventures such as dogs or
  roosters.

9
Act of 1985- Animal Welfare

• Also called "The Improved Standards for
  Laboratory Animals Act" and enacted December 23,
  1985.
• This section clarifies what is meant by "humane
  care" by mentioning specifics such as sanitation,
  housing, and ventilation. It directs the
  Secretary of Agriculture to establish regulations
  to provide exercise for dogs and an adequate
  physical environment to promote the psychological
  well-being of nonhuman primates.

10

• It specifies that pain and distress must be
  minimized in experimental procedures and that
  alternatives to such procedures be considered by
  the principle investigator. It also defines
  practices that are considered to be painful. No
  animal can be used in more than one major
  operative experiment with recovery (exceptions
  are listed).
• The establishment of the Institutional Animal
  Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is introduced with
  a description of its roles, composition, and
  responsibilities to the Animal and Plant Health
  Inspection Service (APHIS).

11

• Also included is the formation of an information
  service at the National Agricultural Library to
  assist those regulated by the act in prevention
  of unintended duplication of research, employee
  training, searching for ways to reduce or replace
  animal use, and to provide information on how to
  decrease pain and distress.
• The final section explains the penalties for
  release of trade secrets by regulators and the
  regulated community.

12
The IACUC

• By law, an institutional committee must review
  all aspects of the animal care and use program.
  This committee is most commonly referred to as
  the "Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee"
  or IACUC.
• The IACUC is composed of at least five members
  including at least one veterinarian. The members
  usually include also one animal researcher, one
  faculty that is not animal researcher and
  representative of the public.
• The IACUC is responsible for making sure that all
  federal laws, regulations and policies are
  followed when investigators perform animal
  research. The IACUC has many jobs. Some of them
  include
• Reviewing and approving animal use protocols
  submitted by investigators.
• Monitoring the animal care and use program by
  conducting thorough reviews of the program and
  inspections of the animal facilities
  semiannually.

13
Act of 1990 - Protection of Pets

• Enacted November 28, 1990, and establishes a
  holding period for dogs and cats at shelters and
  other holding facilities before sale to dealers.
  It requires dealers to provide written
  certification regarding each animal's background
  to the recipient. Specific items included on the
  certificate are mechanisms of enforcement,
  injunctions, and penalties for violation.

14
Aseptic Techniques
15

• THE GUIDE FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY
  ANIMALS
• Aseptic technique is used to reduce microbial
  contamination to the lowest possible practical
  level (Cunliffe-Beamer 1993).
• No procedure, piece of equipment, or germicide
  alone can achieve that objective (Schonholtz
  1976). Aseptic technique requires the input and
  cooperation of everyone who enters the operating
  suite (Belkin 1992 McWilliams 1976).
• The contribution and importance of each practice
  varies with the procedure.

16

• Aseptic technique includes
• preparation of the patient, such as hair removal
  and disinfection of the operative site (Hofmann
  1979)
• preparation of the surgeon. such as the provision
  of decontaminated surgical attire, surgical
  scrub, and sterile surgical gloves (Chamberlain
  and Houang 1984 Pereira and others 1990
  Schonholtz 1976)
• sterilization of instruments, supplies, and
  implanted materials (Kagan 1992b)
• the use of operative techniques to reduce the
  likelihood of infection (Ayliffe 1991 Kagan 1
  992a Ritter and Marmion 1987 Schofield 1994
  Whyte 1988).

17
(No Transcript)