How to construct an evolutionary tree:

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How to construct an evolutionary tree Simplest
way the principle of parsimony Find the
shortest number of evolutionary steps to
explain the differences between species.
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Example an evolutionary tree for mammals Here
is an unparsimonious evolutionary tree
Chicken Bat Platypus
Cat Kangaroo lays eggs live
birth, lays eggs live birth,
live birth placenta
placenta
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Example an evolutionary tree for mammals Here
is a parsimonious evolutionary tree
Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat
Cat lays eggs lays
eggs live birth live birth
live birth
placenta
placenta
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We can use an outgroup to decide which traits
are ancestral and which are derived.
Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat
Cat lays eggs lays
eggs live birth live birth
live birth
placenta
placenta
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You can figure out how to build the tree by
finding shared derived characteristics.
Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat
Cat lays eggs lays
eggs live birth live birth
live birth
placenta
placenta
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Look for shared derived characteristics
Foot pads Feathery antennae
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Look for shared derived characteristics
Long proboscis (mouth parts)
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Look for shared derived characteristics
Broken stripes on abdomen
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Construct the evolutionary tree
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Construct the evolutionary tree
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Construct the evolutionary tree
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Construct the evolutionary tree
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broken stripes on abdomen
long proboscis
foot pads
feathery antennae
apricot eyes
5th bristle
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Same thing, but with DNA
ACTAAGT ACTAAGT ACGAAGT ACGTCGT AGGTCGT
ACGTACT ACGTACG
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6 C to G
4 T to A
3 G to T
5 A to C
1 A to C
2 C to G
CCTAAGT ACTAAGT ACGAAGT ACGTCGT AGGTCGT
ACGTACT ACGTACG
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is
derived
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is
derived
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is
derived
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba simulans melanogaster
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba simulans melanogaster
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba simulans melanogaster
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba simulans melanogaster
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba melanogaster simulans
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba melanogaster simulans
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba melanogaster simulans
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba melanogaster simulans
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erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T
G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G
C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C
T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C
T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G
T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T
T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C
C T A
ananassae erecta orena teissieri
yakuba melanogaster simulans