NINJA: A Service Architecture for InternetScale Systems

1
NINJA A Service Architecture for Internet-Scale
Systems

• Randy H. Katz
• UMC Distinguished Professor and Chair, EECS
  Department
• University of California, Berkeley
• Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
• randy_at_cs.Berkeley.edu

Ninjutsu is a stealth and espionage-oriented art
which saw its greatest development in the 13th to
early 17th centuries in Japan. Its practitioners,
the ninja, were warrior-assassin-spies most
belonged to the Iga and Koga mountain clans. They
were the supreme reconnaissance experts and
saboteurs of their day.
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Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

3
Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

4
Internet-Scale Systems

• Extremely large, complex, distributed,
  heterogeneous, with continuous and rapid
  introduction of new technologies
• Feasible architectures
• Decentralized, scalable algorithms
• Dynamically deployed agents where they are
  neededBig infrastructure, small clients
• Incremental processing/communications growth
• Careful violation of traditional layering
• Implementation approach based on incremental
  prototyping, deployment, evaluation,
  experimentation

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Emerging Communications Infrastructure of the
Future

• The Challenge
• Network-based applications becoming increasingly
  service intensive
• Computational resources embedded in the switching
  fabric
• Dealing with heterogeneity, true utility
  functionality, security, service discovery
• Computing
• Legacy servers
• Partition functionality for small clients
• Communications
• High bandwidth backbones plus diverse access
  networks
• Third generation cellular systems
• Home networking

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Motivation Why Cant We ...

• Control the A/V equipment in this room
• Get driving directions over the phone
• Affect others calendars directly
• Screen our calls based on the caller
• Control things with the interface we want
• Manage/sort/search our e-mail/v-mail/fax/news
  intelligently
• Needed Ubiquitous connectivity and intelligent
  processing supported by the network

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NINJA A Service Architecture that Provides ...

• Tinkertoy wide-area components
• Automatic discovery, composition, and use
• Powerful operators clusters, databases, and
  agents
• Viable component economics subscription, pay per
  use
• Supports great devices, sensors, actuators
• Connects everything ubiquitous support for
  access and mobility

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NINJA Computing Platform

• Information Devices (10 Billion)
• Connected Stationary Computers (100 Million)
• Scalable Servers (Million)

Small Devices, Big Infrastructure
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NINJA Computing Infrastructure

• Computing resources inside the routing topology,
  not just at the leaves
• Paths chosen for location of operators as much as
  for shortest of hops
• Mobile code that specializes the services
  provided by servers
• Mobility, management of bottleneck links,
  integration services, service handoff

Server
Client
Proxy
Router
Compute Node
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NINJA Builds on Berkeleys Systems Building
Expertise
TranSend TACC Model Wireless Access
NINJA Scalable, Secure Services Computation in
the Network Smart Spaces as an
app Event-Response Programmable Access
BARWAN Wireless Overlay Networks Scalable Proxies
RTPGateway Service Discovery
vic, vat, wb
MASH Collaboration Applications Active Services
NOW/Millennium Computing Platform
MASH Toolkit Active Services Model
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BARWAN Wireless Overlays Ubiquitous Connectivity
Satellite
Regional Area
Low-tier
High-tier
Local Area
Wide Area
Low Mobility
High Mobility

• Seamless mobility among local and wide-area
  wireless networks via vertical handoff

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BARWAN Proxies Scalable Support for
Heterogeneous Clients

html
gif
jpg

Cache control

Front End
PTM
Control Panel
To Internet
NOW Cluster
SAN (high speed)
Cache partition

Utility (10baseT)
Datatype-specific distiller
...
Coordination bus
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BARWAN Support for Thin Clients

• Top Gun Wingman
• Worlds only graphical browser for PalmPilot
• Greater than 10,000 users worldwide
• Top Gun MediaBoard
• Combines MASH tools with proxy
• Interoperates with laptops, workstations

Superiority of proxy-based approach to enabling
thin clients successfully demonstrated
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Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

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Vertically Integrated Services vs. Component
Services

• Vertically Integrated Services
• Fixed composition
• Static deployment
• No reuse
• Mixed presentation/data
• Fixed UI
• Worse pieces

• Component Services
• Dynamic composition
• Rapid deployment
• Reuse
• Data only
• UI defined dynamically -- based on
  device/connection
• Competition at every level

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NINJA Service ArchitectureBasic Elements of the
Model

• Units
• sensors/actuators
• PDAs/SmartPhones
• Laptops, PCs, NCs
• heterogeneous
• Active Routers
• soft-state
• basestations
• localization
• local mobility support

• Bases
• highly available
• persistent state
• databases
• computing
• agents
• home base per user
• global mobility support

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NINJA Active Infrastructure
Smart Spaces
Active Routers Active network routers Soft
state Interchangeable
Bases Scalable, available servers Persistent
state Service discovery Public-key
infrastructure Databases
Home Base User state E-mail User tracking
Units Client Devices Sensors Actuators
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Example Thin Client Access to Legacy Server
AR
PDA
LegacyServer
Base
HomeBase
AR
Base
AR
AR
Unit
Unit
Sensor
Sensor
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Example Sensor Aggregation
AR
PDA
LegacyServer
Base
AR
Base
AR
AR
Unit
Unit
Sensor
Sensor
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Example TopGun WingMan/Mediaboard Operation
AR
PDA
LegacyServer
PDA Proxy
Base
Image Converter Un-Zip
MediaBoard
PC
Multicast Connector
Aggregator
AR
Mic
Camera
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NINJA Service Architecture

• Operators/Connectors/Interfaces
• Paths
• Wide-Area Paths
• Interface Interconnection
• Path Optimization
• Services
• Service Discovery
• Automatic Path Generation
• Example Applications
• Universal remote control/smart spaces
• Universal In-Box/Personal Information Management

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Operators/Connectors

• Operators
• transformation
• aggregation
• agents
• Connectors
• abstract wires
• ADUs
• varying semantics
• uni/multicast

• Interfaces
• strongly typed
• language independent
• set of AM handlers
• Leverage all COM objects

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Wide-Area Paths

• Path is a first-class entity
• Explicit or automatic creation
• Can change dynamically
• change path or operators
• Unit of authentication delegate along the path
• Unit of resource allocation

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WAN Paths Economics

• Key Idea securely delegate authority to any path
  component
• access your e-mail remotely
• authorized services (subscriptions)
• authenticated sensor data
• Digicash
• Pay-per-use services
• Can be one-time (or subscription)

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WAN Paths Optimization

• Insert operators into the path
• forward error-correction, e.g., for error-prone
  wireless links
• compression/decompression, e.g., bandwidth
  constrained links
• Change parameters
• retransmission windows
• settings for wireless or satellites
• Reroute path dynamically

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Connecting Interfaces

• Goal trivial to connect
• can be automated
• Connectors are polymorphic
• wires carry a generic ADU of type T
• automatic marshall/unmarshall
• code must be created at instantiation
• Enables automated connection and use

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Interoperability

• Wrapper operators for legacy servers
• HotBot, Zip2, Patent server
• Generic wrappers for each MIME type
• Connectors use TCP, UDP, multicast
• Leverage COM objects as operators
• Control Excel remotely
• Lots of third party components
• ODBC/JDBC databases

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Services

• Service
• Highly available program with fixed interface at
  a fixed location
• Strongly Typed Interfaces
• Multiple services of a given type compete
• Compete on location, price, robustness,
  quality, brand name
• Service Discovery
• Find best service of given type

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Automatic Path Creation

• Query goal is path creation
• Find logical path of operators
• Path must type check
• Place operators on nodes
• Some operators have affinity
• Place them first
• Add connectors as needed
• Create any authentication keys

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Service Discovery and Use

• Four basic steps
• Find a local Active Router
• Query Service-discovery service
• Automatic path creation, including
  transformations
• Generate UI from interface specification

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Application Universal Remote Control

• Adapt device functionality to services in new
  environment
• Beacon augmentation
• Adaptive user interfaces
• Composed behaviors
• Deployment within our building
• Light, video, slide projector, VCR, audio
  receiver, camera, monitor, A/V switcher control
• Local DNS/NTP/SMTP servers, HTTP proxies,
  RTP/multicast gateways
• Audited printer access
• Interactive floor maps, protocols for advertising
  object locations
• Coarse-grained user tracking

Universal Interaction?
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Generalization Smart Spaces

• Walk into a A/V room and control everything with
  your own wireless PDA
• Services for each device
• Automated discovery and use
• Automated UI generation
• Composite behaviors
• Local scope, no authentication (yet)
• Phones as well as PalmPilots
• Speech-enabled control

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Experimental Testbed
Fax
IBM WorkPad
Image/OCR
Text
Speech
MC-16
Ericsson
CF788
Motorola Pagewriter 2000
WLAN
Pager
306 Soda
405 Soda
326 Soda Colab
GSM BTS
Millennium Cluster
Smart Spaces Personal Information Management
Millennium Cluster
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Target ApplicationsPersonal Information
Management

• Universal Inbox e-mail, news, fax, voice mail
• Notification e-mail, pager
• Priorities, Folders, Search
• Access internet or telephone
• Peer-to-peer calendar
• Control of environment

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Personal Information Management
Speech-to-Voice Mail Speech-to-Voice
Attached-Email Call-to-Pager/Email
Notification Email-to-Speech All compositions of
the above!
Universal In-box Policy-based Location-based Acti
vity-based
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Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

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ICEBERGVision

• How far can we go with a packet-switched cellular
  core network?
• How do you provision an IP network for large
  numbers of voice users?
• What new kinds of data-oriented services can be
  deployed?

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Mobility Management

• Mobile IP-GSM Mobility Interworking
• Mobile IP-GSM authentication interworking
• GSM HLR/VLR interaction in an Internet signaling
  context
• Scalability of Mobile IP/hierarchical agents
• Multicast support for mobility
• Alternative approach for mobility based on M/C
  addresses
• Exploit multicast routing to reach mobile nodes
  without explicit handoff
• Combine with real-time delivery of voice and
  video
• Generalized redirection agents
• Policy-based redirection e.g., 1-800 service,
  email to pagers, etc.
• Redirection agents collocated with multicast tree
  branching points

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Packet Scheduling

• Validated VINT modeling suite for GSM media
  access, link layer, routing, and transport layers
• GSM channel error models
• Better understanding of sources of latency in
  cellular link and methods to circumvent this
• QoS-aware High Speed Circuit Switched Data
  (HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), and
  Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) link scheduling
• RSVP signaling integration with bottleneck link
  scheduling
• Fairness and utilization for TCP and RTP flows
• Delay bound scheduling for R/T streams
• Exploiting asymmetries in downstream/upstream
  slot assignment, CDMA self-interference

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New Services

• Proxies for Telephony-Computing Integration
• GSM-vat-RTP interworking handset-computer
  integration
• Encapsulating complex data transformations
• Speech-to-text, text-to-speech
• Composition of services
• Voice mail-to-email, email-to-voice mail
• Location-aware information services
• E.g., traffic reports
• Multicast-enabled information services
• Multilayered multicast increasing level of
  detail as number of subscribed layers increase
• Demonstrate the speed and ease with which new
  services can be developed
• Develop innovative new services at the
  intersection of voice and data

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Potentially Any Network Service (PANS)
Same service in different networks Service
handoff between networks
GSM
E.g., follow me service e.g., any-to-any service
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PANS Issues

• Entities What are the endpoints?
• Naming Whats in a name?
• Authentication Entity to Entity authentication
• Billing Charging entities, not lines
• Routing QoS and cost issues
• Source conversion Text-to-Speech, etc.
• Network management Monitoring, provisioning
• Intelligent terminals Services at the terminal

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Service Mobility as aFirst-Class Object
Universal Names Globally unique IDs
Randy_at_Berkeley
OfficePSTN (Teaching) 510-642-8778 OfficePSTN
(Chair) 510-642-0253 DeskIP dreadnaught.cs.berke
ley.edu555 LaptopIP polo.cs.berkeley.edu555 PCS
510-388-8778 Cellular 510-409-6040 E-mail
randy_at_cs.berkeley.edu Home 415-777-3382
An Entity has a universal name and a profile
Entities are people or processes
Profile set of domain-specific names
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Iceberg Inter-Domain Naming Protocol

• Naming
• Reuse networks local naming services
• Single resolution point for universal names
• Routing
• Handles inter-network signaling
• Users provide policies
• IDNP gatekeepers provide policy engine
• IDNP provides replication and consistency control

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IDNP Issues
IAP
Call(Randy_at_Berkeley, Callers network,
Interactive, CallerID certificate)
IDNP Server
weeks/months
Profile
Policy
days/weeks

• Replicated Information
• Real-time?
• Lazy?
• Epidemic?

System State
IDNP Server
minutes/hours
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Authentication and Billing

• Networks uses different mechanisms
• PSTN autheticates on-line
• GSM uses SIM card (Carrier-carrier agreement)
• Original cellular networks used personal
  agreements
• IP uses host address, X.509, etc.
• Iceberg certificates - two versions
• Online verification by home network (Carrier)
• Offline verification by local network
  (Personal/Visa)

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Call-Forwarding Example

• Called party can change policy and profiles from
  any network
• Secure identification of entities
• IDNP handles propagation of changes
• IDNP can expose domain-specific addresses or hide
  them for privacy
• Domain-specific information exposed to apps
• Interactive?
• Billing policies

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Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

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Berkeley Tradition of Experimental Computing
Systems Research
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Internet-Scale Systems Research Group

• Lead the evolution of the Internet through
  long-term research combined with the deployment
  of novel real-world large-scale systems and
  protocols
• Unify on-going and future research projects in
  distributed computing, network protocols,
  services, access, new applications
• Facilitate technology transfer and
  standardization
• Work closely with industrial partners in an open
  laboratory environment
• We would like Lucent to be a charter member

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Benefits of Sponsorship

• Involvement with outstanding Berkeley graduate
  students
• Participation in large-scale, inter-disciplinary,
  pre-competitive research efforts with only modest
  investment, leveraging investment of other
  industrial partners
• Access to all ISRG-developed software,
  prototypes, simulation tools, and testbeds
• Early access to groups research results through
  on-campus participation and retreats
• Support the expansion of cadre of researchers
  with expertise in Internet-scale systems

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Presentation Outline

• Internet-Scale Systems
• A New Service Architecture
• Integration of Computing and Communications
• Opportunity for Cooperation
• Summary and Conclusion

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Emerging Distributed System Architecture Spanning
Processing and Access
Personal Information Management and Smart Spaces
Distributed Videoconferencing Room-scale
Collaboration
Speech and Location Aware Applications
ICEBERG Computer-Telephony Services
MASH Media Processing Services
TranSend Extensible Proxy Services
Active Services Architecture
Distributed Computing Services NINJA
Computing and Communications Platform
Millennium/NOW
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NINJA and ICEBERG

• NINJA Distributed Service Architecture
• Service model based on Operators, Paths, Services
• Platform model based on Units, Active Routers,
  Bases
• ICEBERG Computer-Telephony Integration
• IP-based backbone for cellular networks
• Mobility and service interoperability in the
  context of diverse access networks
• Performance issues GPRS scheduling and IP
  scaling for mobile telephony applications
• New services Smart Spaces and PIM
• Internet Systems Research Group
• Lucent establishes research wing at Stanford
  !?!?!?