Contact Between Cultures

1
Contact Between Cultures

• America Before 1600

2
The Peoples of Ancient America

• Creation stories
• Scientific theories of migration

3
500 Nations Ancestors

• The Maya
• Ceremonial centers on the Yucatán peninsula
• Astronomy, math, calendar, language, books

4

• The Anasazi
• Chaco Canyon towns, A.D. 900
• Pueblo Bonito
• Road and water systems
• Cahokia
• Largest city in North America
• Trade and spread of corn cultivation

Mesa Verde, Colorado
5
European Discovery and Conquest
6
Significant Factors Behind European Explorations

• Christianity
• Desire to convert heathens and infidels
• Shaped by centuries of crusades, the Reconquista
  in Spain
• Trade
• Asia source of silk, spices, luxury goods
• Search for alternate routes why?

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (1394-1460)
7

• Innovations in Navigation (15th Cent.)
• Traditional Methods and Tools limited accuracy,
  mistakes common
• dead reckoning, celestial observations, senses
• compass, running down the latitude, quadrant,
  astrolabe, cross staff

8

• Improvements
• Caravels longer, larger, faster, more
  maneuverable ships
• Lateen sails
• Portolan, or sea chart
• World maps
• Reappearance of Ptolemys Geography
• Latitude and longitude

9
Spain

• Christopher Columbus four voyages, 1492-1502
• Juan Ponce de León Florida, 1513
• Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Pacific Ocean, 1516
• Fernando Magellan first circumnavigation of the
  globe, 1519-1522

10
The Conquest of Mexico

• Hernando Cortés and the Aztecs, 1519-1522
• Indian allies
• Montezuma II
• Aztec uprising
• Reconquest and destruction of Tenochtitlán
  rebuilt as Mexico City

11
The Spread of Spanish Power

• Francisco Pizarro conquest of Incas in Peru,
  1524-1533
• Vásquez de Coronado New Mexico, 1541-1542
• Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo California coast, 1542
• Hernando De Soto destructive passage to the
  Mississippi River,
• St Augustine (Florida) founded, 1565 first
  permanent European settlement in North America

12
The SpanishEmpire in America
Spanish Crown Council of the Indies New Spain New
Castile Local and regional bodies Encomenderos
settlers granted Indian laborers as rewards for
service to royal government
13
England and France

• Search for the Northwest Passage
• England
• John Cabot (1497, 1498) and Sebastian Cabot
  (1504, 1508-1509)
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583)
• France
• Giovanni Verrazano (1524)
• Jacques Cartier (1534, 1536)