The GRANDeuR that Was Rome

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The GRANDeuR that Was Rome

• Moving From the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire

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The Rise of the Republic

• Founded by Latins who were farmers and herders
• Peoples of Ancient Italy Ruled by three
  civilizations
• The Greeks
• The Etruscans
• The Phoenicians (from Carthage)
• Adopted alphabet, art, construction methods

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The Rise of the Republic

• Rome itself ruled by Etruscan king
• Overthrown in 509 B.C.E.
• Romans establish a republic
• Government where officials are elected
• Two classes of people

Plebians
Patricians
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The Expansion of Rome

• For 200 years, Romans fighting for control of the
  Italian peninsula
• Expanded citizenship and local control to get
  loyalty from conquered peoples
• Roman roads make it easier to expand

Troops
Trade
Language
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The Expansion of Rome

• Rome develops Rivals for power in the
  Mediterranean
• CARTHAGE

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The 1st Punic War

• Rome and Carthage fight for control of Sicily
• War goes on for 23 years264-241 B.C.E.
• Carthage had been stronger naval power
• Rome builds a navydominates Carthaginian navy
• Carthage has to pay a fine, give up Sicily
  Sardinia Corsica

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The 2nd Punic War

• Carthage not so pleased with Rome
• Carthages kingHamlicarmakes son, Hannibal
  swear to be Romes enemy for life
• 2nd Punic War starts in 218 B.C.E. when Hannibal
  crosses the Alps from Spain
• Uses African war elephants to carry equipment.
• All but 1 die in the snow, but

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The 2nd Punic War

• Hannibal defeats the Roman legions that try to
  stop his advance
• Destroys towns across Italy
• Has to stop when Rome lands an army in Zama, near
  Carthage
• Rome wins, forces Carthage to give them Spain,
  and they cant attack anyone without Romes
  approval

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Winning An Empire

• 50 years later, Carthage disobeys these terms,
  Rome burns the city to the ground
• Rome divides new territories into provinces, each
  with a governor appointed by the Senate
• Many gains for Romeespecially

Grain
Treasure
Slaves
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Winning An Empire

• Results of these new prizes of conquest
• Grain prices go down
• Good for consumers
• Bad for small farmershad to sell their land
• New class of large, rich landowners
• CIVIL UNREST DEVELOPING

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Decline of the Republic

• Movements to redistribute land among the poor
• Senate feared popularity of reformers, had them
  killed
• Slave revolts in the provinces
• Legion commanders getting involved in political
  matters, recruiting the poor for the army, not
  just citizens

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Decline of the Republic

• Civil war between generals
• The winnerLucius Cornelius Sulla gets rid of
  six-month rule of dictators
• Diminishes power of the Senate
• Rome ruled by Generals for 40 years

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Decline of the Republic

• The Rise of Julius Caesar
• Was a young, successful General
• Resented the Senate
• Gets together with two other powerful Generals,
  they decide to Rule Rome
• THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
• Three-Ruler System
• Oligarchy

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE(finally!)

• One of the 3 dies
• The other sides w/ Senate against Caesarorders
  him to disband armies
• Crossing the Rubicon
• Its REALLY a river between Italy and France
• Comes to mean a decisive step towards.
• POWER (he crushes the Senates army)

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Caesar makes reforms
• Distributes land to the poor
• Granted citizenship to people outside Italy
• Public works (building) projects
• Increases soldiers pay
• But
• KEEPS ABSOLUTE POWER

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• The Senate and Assembly of Tribes still
  existedbut had little power
• Opposition growing among jealous Senators
• Caesar was popular
• Some thought of him as a tyrant
• So, on March 15, 44 B.C.E.

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Stabbed to death by an angry mob led by his
trusted friend, Marcus Brutus
E Tu, Brute
But Julius had left behind an heir and a plan for
power in the Republic
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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE formed by Caesars
  grandnephew-turned-adopted son Octavian along
  with two of Caesars commanders
• One of them is Marc Antony
• Antony marries Cleopatra
• The Queen of Egypt

• Octavian gets paranoid about a takeover..

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• So Octavian declares war on Antony Cleo
• 31 B.C.E. they fight a naval battle, the lovers
  flee to Egypt
• Octavian lands at Alexandria, and the two commit
  suicide

• Rome takes over Egypt a year later

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Octavian given title of Augustus by the Senate
• Under him, the Republic officially ends
• Granted title of Imperatorcommander in chief
  of the armies
• We call it emperor

"Exalted One"

• 100 years of civil war in Rome finally ended

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Augustus makes many good reforms
• Hes followed by a series of Emperors some good,
  some bad, some crazy.
• Rome stays relatively stable for about 200 years
  from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E.
• THE PAX ROMANA

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THE Pax ROMANA

• Happy ignorance
• Didnt know of other powerful empires
• A Growing City
• Rome reaches population of 1 million
• Varied Diets
• Imported exotic foods
• Beautification Projects
• Lavish gardens

• Richer culture and arts
• Center of Education, advancement and
  Entertainment
• Increased Trade
• Coined money
• Military Dominance
• Protected trade
• Protected territory

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE
The Empire during the height of Pax Romana117
C.E.
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THE Pax ROMANA

• The Poor
• Increasing amounts of poor in Provinces
• Grain Riots
• Trade Deficit
• Rome imported more than it exported
• Government spending
• Too much to pay for
• Devalued money
• Inflation in Prices

• A Crowded City
• Poor lived in tenements up to 7 stories tall
• Class struggle
• Sharp differences between rich and poor
• Treatment of Slaves
• Household slaves valued
• Labor slaves suffered inhumane conditions

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The End Draws Near

• Marcus Aurelias
• (remember the nice old man who gets stabbed at
  the beginning of Gladiator?)
• German tribes start attacking
• Lets some settle within Romes borders
• Appoints Commodus, his son, as heir
• Vain, violent, bratty sort
• Beginning of a long decline for Rome beginning in
  180 C.E.