2nd Agricultural Revolution

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2nd Agricultural Revolution Industrial
Revolution

• 1650 early 1700s
• 1720s -1914 (start of WWI)

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Nationalism

• Great Exhibition
• Industry of Nations
• 1851
• Crystal Palace

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Crystal Palace
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Post Revolution Push Pull of Political Spectrum

• Emergence of Ideologies
• Conservatism and Liberalism
• Edmund Burke and Conservatism
• John Stuart Mill and Liberalism

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Sir Edmund Burke (1790)Reflections on the
Revolution in France

• British conservative response to the French
  Revolution
• Considered to be Father of Modern Conservatism

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Burke

• When I see the spirit of liberty in action, I see
  a strong principle at work and this, for a
  while, is all I can possibly know of it. The wild
  gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose but
  we ought to suspend our judgment until the first
  effervescence is a little subsided, till the
  liquor is cleared, and until we see something
  deeper than the agitation of a troubled and
  frothy surface.Flattery corrupts both the
  receiver and the giver, and adulation is not of
  more service to the people than to kings. I
  should, therefore, suspend my congratulations on
  the new liberty of France until I was informed
  how it had been combined with government, with
  public force, with the discipline and obedience
  of armies, with the collection of an effective
  and well-distributed revenue, with morality and
  religion, with the solidity of property, with
  peace and order, with civil and social manners.
  All these (in their way) are good things, too,
  and without them liberty is not a benefit whilst
  it lasts, and is not likely to continue long. The
  effect of liberty to individuals is that they may
  do what they please we ought to see what it will
  please them to do, before we risk congratulations
  which may be soon turned into complaints

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On the Reign of Terror

• But now all is to be changed. All the pleasing
  illusions which made power gentle and obedience
  liberal, which harmonized the different shades of
  life, and which, by a bland assimilation,
  incorporated into politics the sentiments which
  beautify and soften private society, are to be
  dissolved by this new conquering empire of light
  and reason. All the decent drapery of life is to
  be rudely torn off. All the super-added ideas,
  furnished from the wardrobe of a moral
  imagination, which the heart owns and the
  understanding ratifies as necessary to cover the
  defects of our naked, shivering nature, and to
  raise it to dignity in our own estimation, are to
  be exploded as a ridiculous, absurd, and
  antiquated fashion.
• On the scheme of this barbarous philosophy,
  which is the offspring of cold hearts and muddy
  understandings, and which is as void of solid
  wisdom as it is destitute of all taste and
  elegance, laws are to be supported only by their
  own terrors and by the concern which each
  individual may find in them from his own private
  speculations or can spare to them from his own
  private interests...

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Agreement to the Social Contract

• only submission to necessity should be made the
  object of choice, the law is broken, nature is
  disobeyed, and the rebellious are outlawed, cast
  forth, and exiled from this world of reason, and
  order, and peace, and virtue, and fruitful
  penitence, into the antagonist world of madness,
  discord, vice, confusion, and unavailing sorrow

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John Stuart Mill

• Utilitarianism
• Do what is best for one person unless it harms
  the majority
• Subordination of men and women is bad for the
  whole
• Idea of liberty and the idea that nature governs
  instead of government and that nature prevails
  except in the case of those who cannot rule
  themselves

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Industrial Revolution

• Technology is mans attempt to overcome his
  environment
• Discovery
• Invention
• Production not machines
• Industry is about what is produced
• Shift from hand produced goods to machine
  produced goods

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Production methods lead to surplus

• Agricultural Revolution
• Crop rotation
• Charles Turnip Townsend
• Seed Drill 1701
• Jethro Tull
• Crop rotation
• Heavier plows
• Surplus
• Sugar cane
• Cotton
• Population increases
• Labor for Industrial Revolution

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Factors of Production

• Land
• to develop the resources needed both in factories
  and agricultural lands
• Labor
• An available and willing labor force
• Capital
• Investment capital
• Become a market economy or price based on market
• Availability or amount of surplus
• Product demand increases production
• Too much or too little demand effects the price
• Supply and demand

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Factors of Production

• Land
• Colonial expansion
• Raw materials
• Labor
• Enclosure movement (England 1600s)
• Population growth (demographic transition)
• 2nd Agricultural Revolution
• 1861 serfs free still had to pay to leave
• Indentured servants
• Capital
• Marx called it surplus labor
• Age of Exploration
• Opium trade
• Sugar
• Slaves (coercive labor)

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Complex factors

• Begins in England because they have land, labor
  and capital
• Enclosure movement
• English fenced in land so they could control what
  was grown and moved the tenets from the land
• Three effects greater crop yield or surplus and
  tenets moved to cities and needed to work (raw
  materials and labor) and landowners got wealthy
  and needed somewhere to spend their money
  (capital)
• Coal (steam engines)
• Canals
• Railroad

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Starts in England

• Land, Labor, Capital
• Resources, people available to work, wealth
  available for investment
• Coal producing areas
• Metal producing
• Woolen cloth
• Canals (distribution)

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The Enclosure Movement
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1st Agricultural Revolution

• Noble landowners realized commercial potential of
  their estates and transformed them into
  capitalist farms
• As early as 16th century
• Gradual process over 300 years
• Transformation involved
• New forms of crop rotation
• Use of nitrogen-restoring crops and fertilizers
• New cultivation methods
• New drainage and irrigation systems
• Overall result was the production of surpluses
• Eliminated famine
• Provided incomes for improving landlords

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Industrial Revolution Stages

• Agricultural Revolution
• Townsends seed drill
• Products from the Americas
• Enclosure movement
• Surplus
• Growing population
• Putting out system
• Production in the houses
• Changes the classes
• New methods of production
• Factory systems and new metals
• Bessemer Steel process allows for more powerful
  machines
• James Watts new steam process creates more
  powerful methods of production
• Urbanizations with benefits and problems
• Transportation and distribution and communication
• Steam boats
• Trains
• Telephone
• Increased migration

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Series of little inventions lead to greater
production of textiles using surplus

• John Kay
• 1733 flying shuttle
• broader cloth could be woven and at a quicker
  rate
• James Hargreaves
• invented the Spinning Jenny
• which meant that more than one thread could be
  produced at a time
• Richard Arkwright
• 1769, water frame
• which allowed cotton to be spun for the first
  time
• Samuel Compton
• Mule in 1779
• allowed the spinning of finer cloths by drawing,
  twisting, winding on and copping motions.
• Edmund Cartwright
• 1786 Power Loom
• completed the mechanization of the weaving
  process.

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Access to surplus and technology

• Agriculture and later the Industrial Revolution
  created a culture of abundance the question of
  distribution arose
• Should it be shared and how could it be shared
• The new technology created gaps in society and in
  where countries stood in the world

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Issues with the Factory System

• Cottage Industry or Domestic System or Putting
  Out System transitions to the factory system
  
• Building a community dependent upon the factory
• Actual working Conditions
• Industrial Protest (Luddites, etc)

• Merchant raised capital to buy wool
• Merchant went to sheep farms and bought wool
• Merchant distributed raw materials
• Merchant collected finished product
• Merchant sold product

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Caused changes in culture

• Romanticism
• Later Realism
• Music, entertainment, mass leisure culture,
• Questioned role of man
• Eugenics creating better humans. While some
  advocate selective breeding (improving the gene
  pool) others encouraged society to improve man
  through new health techniques and improved and
  universal educational practices
• Also related to countries and principle of
  intervention
• Social Darwinism survival of the fittest
  allowed the upstairs society to justify their
  overuse of the downstairs society
• More secular world

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RomanticismHow to view Man

• Emphasized feelings, emotion and imagination as
  sources of knowing
• Believed emotion and sentiment were only
  understandable to the person experiencing them
• Valued individualism and the uniqueness of each
  person
• Rebelled against middle class conventions
• Passionate interest in the past
• Exotic and unfamiliar attracted romantics
• Viewed poetry as direct expression of the soul
• Worship of nature

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Romanticism in literature, music and painting

• Richard Wagner
• Pucccini
• Beethoven
• Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)
• Chopin
• William Wordsworth
• Mary Shelley (daughter of Mary Wollenstonecraft)

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Realism in Classical Music literature

• Anton Chekhov
• short stories
• Mark Twain
• Gustave Flaubert Madame Bovary
• George Eliot (pen name for Marian Evans) Silas
  Marner (1861).

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Reaction to RomanticismRealism

• Verifiable consequences
• Present after 1850s
• Usually in the vernacular
• Class recognizable
• human reason to overcome the anarchic selfishness
  of human passions
• fundamentally concerned with the relationship
  between the individual and society

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Realists in literature and print art

• Degas
• Mark Twain
• Anton Chekov
• Charles Dickens

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Early spread of Industrialization
Industrial Europe, ca. 1850
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Stages

• Agricultural Revolution
• 1st phase
• Textiles and steam
• 2nd phase
• Changes in transportation
• 3rd phase
• Electricity and chemicals impact communication
  and entertainment
• Steel

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1st Industrial Revolution Textiles and Steam
1712-1830

• 1712 The Newcomen steam engine.
• 1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
• 1764 James Hargreaves invents the spinning
  jenny.
• 1769 Richard Arkwright patents the water frame.
• 1763James Watt patents a series of improvements
  on the Newcomen engine making it more efficient.
• 1779 Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule.
  
• 1785 Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom.
• 1793 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.
• 1804 1st Steam fueled train in England goes
  about 10 miles in 2 hours
• 1807 Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on
  the Hudson River.
• 1830 George Stephenson begins rail service
  between Liverpool and London. (The Rocket

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New phase of the Industrial Revolution

• Steam Engine
• Thomas Savery was an English military engineer
  and inventor who in 1698, patented the first
  crude steam engine.
• Thomas Newcomen invented the atmospheric steam
  engine in 1712.
• James Watt improved Newcomen's design and
  invented what is considered the first modern
  steam engine in 1765.
• Bessemer steal process
• Puddling by 1850s
• Use the new steal to hold in the increased levels
  of steam
• Larger machines

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2nd Phase Transportation - 1830-1875

• 1840 Samuel Cunard begins transatlantic
  steamship service.
• 1885 - Internal combustion engine
• 1856 Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer
  converter.
• 1859 The first commercial oil well is drilled in
  Pennsylvania (needed to fuel the transportation)
• 1866 The Siemens brothers improve steelmaking by
  developing the open hearth furnace.

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Steam Tractor, Ship, Railroad leads to increased
need for coal
Later locomotives
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3rd Phase Industrial Revolution Electricity and
Chemicals 1875-1905Encourages Communication
Entertainment

• 1800 - 1866 Voltra makes the first copper zinc
  battery then the zinc/carbon/ manganese in 1866
• 1836 Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph.
• 1866 Cyrus Field lays the first successful
  transatlantic cable.
• 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the
  telephone.
• 1879 Thomas Edison invents the incandescent
  light bulb.
• 1892 Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.
• 1899 Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless.
• 1903 The Wright Brothers make the first
  successful airplane flight.

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Methods of ProductionMass Production

• System of manufacturing a large number of
  identical goods.
• Division of labor-a type of mass production
• division of the manufacturing process into a
  series of separate tasks.
• Worker is very skilled in one task
• Quality improves.
• requires fewer workers
• Workers get bored and not focused on task makes
  more errors
• Worker satisfaction declines
• System of interchangeable parts
• type of mass production
• Less innovation
• Assembly line
• conveyor belt carried the product to each worker
• saved energy
• increased productivity
• Worker satisfaction declines
• More errors

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Process Preparation vs. Equipment

• Henry Bessemer process leads to.
• Cheaper better steel
• Madame Curie radium extraction leads to.
• Xray
• Henry Fords use of Assembly line
• Cheaper cars accessible to common man
• Interchangeable parts..
• Faster and cheaper weapons
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CategoryIndustrial_p
  rocesses

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Impact

• Technological innovations
• steam engine, interchangeable parts, advances in
  metallurgy
• Leads to next level in IR
• creation of rapid transport and communications
• railways, steamships, telegraph
• promoted mass marketing techniques
• Jingoistic coupling with techniques
• series of basic economic changes
• Urbanization
• factory system
• improvements in banking
• tendency to larger businesses
• new marketing devices.
• Social changes
• movement from rural to urban
• decline in working conditions
• constraints on popular leisure
• greater emphasis on family life

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CHANGES

• Provokes growing demand for manufactured
  commodities
• Provokes shift in a nations economy away from
  agriculture
• Provokes rapid growth of cities
• Urbanization
• Provokes rapid demographic change
• Decline in both birth and death rates
• Aids in the establishment of a centralized,
  bureaucratic government
• Improves general standard of living but does not
  improve distribution of wealth
• Often causes increase in gap between rich and
  poor
• Causes the replacement of traditional elites by
  new ones
• Bourgeoisie replaces nobility
• Sometimes involves political upheaval
• Middle class has leisure time
• New parks are built
• New sports
• New cultural outlets such as opera, plays, music
  sheets for the common man, later cinema
• Department stores
• Greater availability of goods

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Role of the print media

• Punch
• Relationship between industry and social problems
• Hunger strikes by social reformers

Mummy why dont they forcibly feed us?
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Impact of Industrialization

• Population growth
• Demographic transition
• Urbanization
• Migration
• Transcontinental migration
• Society
• Industrial Families
• Men at Work and Play
• Women at Home and Work
• Child Labor
• Rise of Middle Class
• More domestic
• Delay of marriage expectations
• Class Struggle in Urban areas
• Proletariat
• Factory workers
• Blue collar workers
• Bourgeoisie
• Owners of factories

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Thomas Malthus on Population
It may be safely pronounced, therefore, that
population, when unchecked, goes on doubling
itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a
geometrical ratio... - Thomas R. Malthus,
An Essay on Population

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Malthus
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Economic and Social Philosophy

• Socialist Challenge
• Utopian Socialists
• Marx and Engels
• The Communist Manifesto
• Published February 1, 1848
• Marx later wrote Das Kapital
• Social Reform
• Trade Unions

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Marx and Engels on Bourgeoisie and Proletarians

• The advance of industry, whose involuntary
  promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the
  isolation of the labourers, due to competition,
  by their revolutionary combination, due to
  association What the bourgeoisie, therefore,
  produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers.
  - Manifesto of the Communist Party

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Marxism to Socialism to Communism
Karl Marx Das Kapital Communist Manifesto
Frederich Engles Communist Manifesto
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Marxs Labor Theory of Value

• Said based on scientific analysis of history
  therefore coined as scientific socialism
• difference between the cost of production (wages
  and material) and the market price is the surplus
  value, of which those who own the means of
  production (capitalists) rob those who produce
  (the proletariat)
• Mikhail Bakunin (18141876) thought that the
  state was the cause of mans problems because it
  was run mostly by the class not producing. He
  proposed eliminating the state and run it through
  committee or collectivization of resources
• This combination is the route of the changes in
  Marxist theory and becomes what is known as
  communism
• Communism is part of both the economic and
  political system

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Centers of Revolt in 1848-49
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• Growth of Nationalism
• Conservative Order
• Vienna peace settlement, 1815
• Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
• Concert of Europe
• Revolutionary outbursts
• Economic and political liberalism
• Nationalism
• Revolts of 1830
• Revolutions of 1848
• France
• Prussia
• Austria
• Italy

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Worldwide Developments

• Advances in transportation
• railroads
• cheaper, as well as faster
• allowed overland movement of people and goods on
  a much greater scale
• steamships
• steam power had been used for years on river
  boats, new technology allowed the building of
  ocean steamers
• steam-powered ships made transportation of people
  and goods faster and cheaper

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Technology fostered connections

• Suez and Panama canals
• Suez canal allowed ships to go through the easter
  Mediterranean into the Red Sea
• Panama canal allowed ships who were sailing from
  the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean to pass through
  the Caribbean, instead of going around South
  America

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Communications

• Telegraph
• invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
• important information could now cross thousand of
  miles in seconds rather than days
• 1866, the first transatlantic cable was laid,
  stretching undersea from Ireland to Eastern
  Canada
• Telephone
• Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
• soon in common use
• Radio
• invented by Guglielmo Marconi

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World Market

• competition caused prices to level out worldwide
• the gold standard

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World Migrations

• European population growth
• European emigrants
• Asian emigrants

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The Great Migration Pressure of Population

• 19th century birthrates eventually decline but so
  did death rates
• Pop. of Europe went from 188 million in 1800 to
  432 million in 1900
• 1815-1932 60 million left Europe

• 1914 38 of worlds total population was of
  European origin
• 1/3 of migrants came from British Isles from
  1840-1920
• German migrants in 1850s and 1880s
• Italians migrated too in large numbers

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European Migrants

• US absorbed largest number
• Less than half though went to US
• Asiatic Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil,
  Australia and New Zealand attracted large numbers

• Typical migrant was artisan or small farmer
• In prime of life
• Moderately successful
• Many migrants returned home 1 in 2 to Argentina
  and 1 in 3 to US
• Many migrated within Europe

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Asian Migrants

• Chinese, Japanese, Indians, and Filipinos also
  migrated
• 3 million moved before 1920 as opposed to 60
  million Europeans
• California, Hawaii, and Australia, South America

• Cuba
• Peru
• By 1880s great white walls of discriminatory laws
  raised that treated Asians as second-class
• China towns were ghettoized

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Migrations
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Issues of Industrialization

• How to get the resources
• Empire building
• Exploitation or advancement
• Tariffs and immigration laws
• North South divide
• Demographic transition

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Intersection of social problems of IR and
Imperialism

• "A Lesson to John Chinaman."
• Mr. Punch. "Give it him well, Pam (Lord
  Palmerston, wielding a cat o' nine tails). While
  you are about it!"
• Punch, 9 May 1857, page 185

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White Mans Burden

• 'Take up the White Man's burden
• The savage wars of peace
• Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the
  sickness cease
• And when your goal is nearest
• The end for others sought,
• Watch Sloth and heathen Folly
• Bring all your hope to nought ....
• 'Take up the White Man's burden
• Ye dare not stoop to less Nor call too loud on
  Freedom To cloak your weariness
• By all ye cry or whisper,
• By all ye leave or do,
• The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your Gods,
  and you.
• 'Take up the White Man's burden
• Have done with childish days
• The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged
  praise.
• Come now, to search your manhood
• Through all the thankless years,
• Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom,
• The judgement of your peers!'

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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Sewing machine

• The first functional sewing machine was invented
  by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in
  1830. In 1834, Walter Hunt built America's first
  (somewhat) successful sewing machine.
• Elias Howe patented the first lockstitch sewing
  machine in 1846. Isaac Singer invented the
  up-and-down motion mechanism.
• In 1857, James Gibbs patented the first
  chain-stitch single-thread sewing machine.
• Helen Augusta Blanchard patented the first
  zig-zag stitch machine in 1873.

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Office equipment

• 1873
• Remington

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Zipper

• 1893
• 1905
• 1913

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Electricity

• 1800 Alexandra Voltra of Italy
• In 1831, English scientist Michael Faraday
  discovered that moving a magnet through a coil of
  copper caused an electric current. This discovery
  led to the development of the first electric
  generator and the use of electricity.

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Battery and electrical measurement

• Alessandro Volta
• 1800 first copper zinc battery

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Photographs

• In 1814, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce created the
  first photographic image with a camera obscura,
  however, the image required eight hours of light
  exposure and later faded.
• Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre is considered the
  inventor of the first practical process of
  photography in 1837.

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Automobile

• In 1769, the very first self-propelled road
  vehicle was invented by French mechanic, Nicolas
  Joseph Cugnot.
• However, it was a steam-powered model. In 1885,
  Karl Benz designed and built the world's first
  practical automobile to be powered by an
  internal-combustion engine.
• In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler took the internal
  combustion engine a step further and patented
  what is generally recognized as the prototype of
  the modern gas engine and later built the world's
  first four-wheeled motor vehicle.

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TV

• In 1884, Paul Nipkow sent images over wires using
  a rotating metal disk technology with 18 lines of
  resolution.
• Television then evolved along two paths,
  mechanical based on Nipkow's rotating disks, and
  electronic based on the cathode ray tube.
  American Charles Jenkins and Scotsman John Baird
  followed the mechanical model while Philo
  Farnsworth, working independently in San
  Francisco, and Russian émigré Vladimir Zworkin,
  working for Westinghouse and later RCA, advanced
  the electronic model.

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Television

• 1927 first demonstrated
• March 1935 1st commercial broadcast by German
  postal service
• 1937
• 18 experimental stations in US
• July 1, 1941 NBC was the first with a commercial
  broadcast
• 1950 color TV

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of American homes with TV
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Introduction of Cable TV