Ashikaga Japan and Reunification

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Ashikaga Japan and Reunification

• The Century of Warfare and Tokugawa Reunification

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Ashikaga Shogunate

• Takauji a Minamoto descendant sent by Hojo
  Bakufu to fight against Emperor Go-Daigo,
  switched side and finished the Hojo
• When the Emperor tried to take power from the
  warrior class to the civilian governors, Takauji
  dethroned Go-Daigo, who and his followers fled to
  the south the North-South Courts (1338-1392)
• Takaujis Bakufu located in Kyoto, promoting Zen
  and restored connection with the continent

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Yoshimitsu the Height of Ashikaga Shogunate

• 3rd Ashikaga shogun, Yoshimitsu defeated his
  opponents, reunified the north and south in 1392,
  extended control over local authorities via
  patronage inspection
• Growing up in Kyoto, continued Takaujis
  tradition of diplomacy with the continent,
  patronage to arts, architecture, Zen
• The Golden Pavilion
• The No Drama

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Silver Pavilion of Yoshimitsu
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Ashikaga Disintegration

• The growing power of provincial military
  governors (shugo) since late Kamakular period to
  become shugo-daimyo by gaining more power and
  control over their territories
• Yoshinori (1428-1441) was the last strong shogun,
  who was assassinated by a daimyo
• The Onin War (1467-1477) Yoshimasa designated
  his brother to be the next shogun, his wife born
  him a son backed by provincial daimyo, both side
  engaged in 10 yrs of war with no winner, while
  Ashikaga authority diminished to the extent that
  it could not hold its base in Kyoto, which was
  invaded or besieged

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The Rise of Daimyo

• Parallel with the declining shogun power was the
  ascending daimyo in the provinces, who took over
  all the land under their control as the
  foundation to maintain the loyalty and service of
  samurai
• The old shoen system came to an end while daimyo
  dominated the political scene
• Changing warfare mass foot soldiers led by
  mounted samurai replaced the lonely Don Quixote
  like professional warriors
• War became more expensive, needed more financial
  resource
• Foot soldiers of peasant origins had chances to
  rise above
• Castles and castle towns emerged as military
  headquarters and economic-political centers

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Three Heroes and Reunification

• Oda Nobunaga
• From central Honshu, succeeded to gain effective
  control of 1/3 of Japan before he was killed by
  one of his own
• Effective use of musketeers was a major secret
  for his success good relations with European
  missionaries
• Promotion of commerce helped to strengthen his
  finance for war
• Marriage politics continued to be the key in the
  politics of alliance
• Ruthlessness in eliminating opponents in Buddhist
  establishments as well as in secular ones

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• Peasant origin with no right to assuming shogun
  adopted into the Fujiwara linage for legitimacy
• Marriage politics plus shuffling daimyos
  locations samurai became disassociated with land
  and concentrated in castle living on a stipend.
• The sword hunt in 1588 disarm the peasantry
  and draw a permanent line between samurai and
  commoners
• Patronage of Sen no Rikyus tea ceremony
• Land survey and the koku system
• A koku was about 5 bushels of rice
• The koku allowance was the financial base of a
  daimyos military size
• Disastrous attempt in invading Korea, death in
  1598

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

• Ieyasu was a daimyo, an ally of Hideyoshi in the
  east with a castle in Edo (Tokyo)
• 1600 Tokugawa v. the regents of Hideyoshis son
  at Sekigahara 1603 became shogun
• Succession strategy retiring early while
  controlling the real power
• Peace maintained for 250 years

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Tokugawa Policy of Consolidation

• Building on the policies adopted by both Nobunaga
  and Hideyoshi
• Classification of daimyo Tozama (outsiders),
  shimpan (relatives), and fudai (housemen),
  shuffling and confiscation of domains at the
  expense of the lesser trusted ones
• Tokugawa 6.8 million kuko
• Shimpan 2.6 million kuko
• Tozama 9.8 million kuko
• Monasteries 600,000 kuko

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Tokugawa Policy (cont)

• Alternate residence policy Daimyo has to keep a
  residence in Edo, spending ½ year there and
  leaving family there when they go back to their
  domain, (hostage taking?)
• The emerging nationwide highway network,
  facilitating commerce and travel
• Reintroducing Confucianism, as samurai becoming
  administrators
• Seclusion policy foreigners prohibited to land
  in Japan, Japanese could not travel overseas,
  persecution against Christians followed
• Tokugawa would fall, when Americans appeared at
  Tokyo Bay in 1850s

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Socio-Economic Changes

• Arable land doubled, cash crops commerce
  developed
• Castle-towns and highway networks facilitated the
  market
• The emergence of a wealthy chonin class
  (townsmen, merchants) in urban areas, while
  peasants polarized, many left the land
• The loser was the lower-ranking samurai, whose
  stipends were cut rice devalued
• The floating world in the gay quarters that
  became the source of Japanese culture Kabuki and
  woodblock print http//www.bahnhof.se/secutor/uk
  iyo-e/edonoiki.html
• Bakufus sumptuary laws to no effect, other than
  onnagata, female impersonator in Kabuki
• Peasant uprisings, urban riots, and samurai
  discontent leading toward the Meiji Restoration
  in the 1860s

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