Learning Disabilities

1
Learning Disabilities

• Discrepancy between Intelligence and Achievement
• Reading
• Mathematics
• Written Expression

2
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Features
• Classification
• Predominantly Inattentive
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive
• Combined

3
ADHD

• Gender Differences
• Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1
• Cultural Factors
• Probability of diagnosis is greatest in the
  United States
• Toxins as Cause?
• Allergens and food additives NOT related
• Maternal smoking increases risk

4
Biological Treatment of ADHD

• Stimulant Medications
• Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall
• Paradoxical Effect
• Reduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70 of cases
• Improve compliance and decrease negative
  behaviors
• Do not affect learning and academic performance
• Behavioral Treatment
• Increase appropriate behaviors and decrease
  inappropriate behaviors
• May also involve parent training
• Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments
• Highly recommended

5
Pervasive Developmental Disorders

• Autistic Disorder
• Social and Communication Impairment
• Restricted Behavior
• Aspergers Disorder
• Similar to Austism without Communication
  Impairment
• Retts Disorder
• Initial Normal Development
• Increasing Mental Retardation
• Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
• Regression in language and motor skills at 2 to 4
  years

6
Mental Retardation

• Mild
• IQ from 50-55 to 70
• 85
• Moderate
• IQ from 35-40 to 50-55
• 10

• Severe
• IQ from 20-25 to 35-40
• 3-4
• Profound
• IQ below 20-25
• 1-2

7
Mental Retardation

• Biological Factors
• Chromosomal
• Down Syndrome
• Neurological Injury
• Cultural-Familial

8
Communication Disorders

• Expressive Language Disorder
• Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
• Phonological Disorder
• Stuttering

9
Other Childhood Disorders

• Tic Disorders
• Tourettes Syndrome
• Elimination Disorders
• Separation Anxiety
• Selective Mutism
• Others