Air, Water, Drinking Water or Breathing, Drinking

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Air, Water, Drinking Water or Breathing, Drinking
Swimming

• CE3501, Fall 2005

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Air Quality EngineeringIntroduction, andA Case
Study (Acidic Deposition)
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Air Quality Engineering What is it?

• Goal
• Control air pollutant emissions so that impacts
  on
• human health,
• structures and crops, aesthetics,
• ecosystem health, and
• the atmosphere/climate system
• are minimized, or are acceptable.

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Air Quality Engineering What is it?

• Components
• Scientific understanding of the atmosphere
• What determines air composition?
• How do pollutants move, react?

• Understanding of the sources of air
  pollution Pollutant sources who, where, control
  options.
• Natural processes that interact.

• Application of control techniques.

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Acid Rain History

• 1872 Robert Angus Smith, Air and Rain The
  Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology
• Used the term Acid Rain
• Studied rain composition around Manchester,
  England
• that with carbonate or ammonia in the fields
  at a distance, that with sulfate of ammonia in
  the suburbs and that with sulphuric acid or acid
  sulphate, in the town.

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History Is it still a problem?

• Coal contains S
• S O2 --gt SO2.
• Smog (SMoke fOG) SO2 and particles
• London, 1952 4000 deaths.
• London, 1962 700 deaths.
• Denora, Pennsylvania, 1948 20 deaths.
• U.S., 1996, 15,000-45,000 premature deaths.
• To reduce SO2 concentrations
• Reduce emissions, or
• Dilute and disperse the emissions.

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SolutionTall Stacks
Smelter at Sudbury, Ontario 1/2 km smokestack
Dilution is the Solution to Pollution
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Map of Rainfall pH
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Effects on Streams Lakes
Buffer Capacity of Virginia Watersheds
gt 50 ueq/L
20-50 ueq/L
0-20 ueq/L
lt0 ueq/L

• Bulger et al., Univ. Virginia, Report for Trout
  Unlimited, June, 1998.

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Effects on Statues
U.S. Geological Survey
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Emission Sources

• Sources Most from utilities, industrial boilers.

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Emission Control Options

• Change the fuel
• Coal S content ranges from lt1 to gt3.
• Oil S content lt 1
• Natural gas negligible S content
• Clean the exhaust.
• Must clean a lot of gas
• 1000 MW gt 3 million cubic feet/minute

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Limestone Scrubber

• Spray
• H2O CaCO3
• Reactions
• Absorb SO2,
• SO2CaCO3
• --gt CaSO3 CO2
• Issues
• Mass transfer
• Chemistry
• Material balance
• Energy balance

Note size of cars
Air Pollution Control A Design Approach, Cooper
and Alley, 1994.
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Regulations to Reduce EmissionsTwo Options

• Command and Control Set emission limits for
  each plant
• Emission Trading Selected in 1990 Clean Air Act
  amendments.
• Plants receive allowances that can be traded.
• Should be more efficient (/ton)

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Methods Used
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Rainfall Change in H
J. Lynch et al., USGS, Open-File Report 96-0346,
Trends in Precipitation Chemistry in the United
States, 1983-94
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Learn More

• Faculty and instructors (Civ. Env. Eng.)
• Prof. Richard Honrath
• Prof. Kurt Paterson
• Prof. Judith Perlinger
• Courses (Civ. Env. Eng.)
• CE4505 Air Quality Science and Engineering
• CE5506 Air Quality Modeling
• CE5505 Atmospheric Chemistry
• CE5590 Applied Boundary Layer Meteorology
• Related Courses and Programs
• Remote Sensing Institute.
• Atmospheric Science Meteorology, atmos. physics
  Physics, Geological Eng. Sciences.
• Atmosphere/biosphere interactions Forestry

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Contributing authors include Prof. D.W.Hand
http//www.bluffton.edu/sullivanm/spain/segovia/a
queduct/aqueduct.html
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Offerings at MTU
Topic Faculty Courses Water Treatment Dr.
D.Hand CE4507 - Wastewater Collection Water
Distribution Dr. N. Hutzler CE4508
Water Wastewater Treatment and Design
CE4509 Environmental Process Simulation
CE5501 Environmental Process
Engineering CE5503 Physical-chemical
Treatment Processes Water Resources Dr. D.
Watkins CE3620 Water Resources
Engineering Dr. B. Barkdoll CE4610
Systems Analysis CE4620 Open Channel
Flow
CE4630
Hydraulic Structures GeoHydrology Dr. J.Gierke
GE3850 - Geohydrology Dr. A.Mayer
GE4800 Groundwater Engineering Water
Quality Dr. M.Auer CE4505 Surface Water
Quality Engineering Dr. N.Urban CE5504
Surface Water Quality Modeling CE5508
Biogeochemistry
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Engineering of unit processes, pipes, pumps,
distribution systems,
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Employment Opportunities

• Municipalities
• Consulting firms (large and small)
• Large, water treatment and supply firms
• International Aid agencies
• Graduate school, research

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AWWA Government Affairs What Water Utilities Can
Do to Minimize Public Exposure to Cryptosporidium
in Drinking Water
Byproduct of water-disinfection process found to
be highly toxicJim Barlow, Life Sciences
Editor217-333-5802 jebarlow_at_uiuc.edu 9/14/04
               Water Quality NEW! 4/09/01 -
Compassionate Environmentalists Warn President
Bush Test the Water at Your Ranch Sierra Club
Blasts Decision to Withdraw Protections for
Drinking Water Arsenic in Water Causes
Cancer March 20, 2001
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. A recently discovered
disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in U.S.
drinking water treated with chloramines is the
most toxic ever found, says a scientist at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Walkerton criminal charges met with anger
WALKERTON -- At a news conference marked by angry
outbursts from residents, Ontario Provincial
Police announced yesterday they have charged the
two brothers at the centre of the Walkerton
tainted water tragedy. Stan Koebel, manager of
the Walkerton Public Utilities Commission when
the E. coli disaster hit in 2000, faces seven
criminal charges. His brother, Frank, PUC
foreman at the time, faces five criminal charges.
Seven people died and more than 2,000 were
sickened by E. coli contamination of Walkerton's
water system in May 2000.
Excerpted from Canada Online (Canoe) http//canada
online.about.com/od/walkerton/
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PROTECTING ONTARIOS DRINKING WATERTOWARD A
WATERSHED-BASED SOURCE PROTECTION PLANNING
FRAMEWORK Advisory Committee on Watershed-based
Source Protection Planning Final Report April
2003
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Surface Water Quality Engineering
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Surface Water Quality Engineering
Definition the application of scientific
principles to the study of water quality in
rivers, lakes and reservoirs and to the
development of engineered works for the
protection, remediation, and restoration of those
systems.
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Beneficial Uses

• Transportation
• Power
• Water supply
• Waste disposal
• Recreation
• Aesthetics

Scientists and engineers are typically sought for
assistance when beneficial uses are impaired
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Beneficial Use Impairment

• Oxygen
• Turbidity
• Pathogens
• Toxics
• Taste and Odor
• Exotic Species
• pH
• Color

What types of human activities might lead to
these beneficial use impairments?
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Surface Water Quality The Regulatory Basis

• Clean Water Act of 1972 (since amended)
• NPDES permitting system
• TMDLs watershed loads

• Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (since amended)
• MCLs 1? and 2 ? for organics, metals, etc.
• SWTR coliforms, protozoans, turbidity, DBPs

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Limnology The Science of Surface Waters
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Surface Water Quality Modeling
Reactor Analogs
Plug Flow Reactor (rivers)
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor (lakes)
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Surface Water Quality Management

• Watershed protection
• Point source controls
• In-lake control actions
• Aeration
• Biomanipulation
• Dredging

These are some of the scientific and engineering
approaches used to manage water quality.
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Case Study - Lake Huron
Cladophora is a green algae which grows attached
to solid substrate in the nearshore waters of the
Great Lakes. Excessive phosphorus discharges to
the lakes has led to nuisance growths of the
alga, leading to beachfront deposition, with
subsequent decay and loss of beneficial uses. We
worked with U.S. EPA to determine the level of
phosphorus control required to eliminate nuisance
growth and implemented a demonstration project of
P-removal at the Harbor Beach, Michigan
wastewater treatment plant. The project led to
elimination of nuisance conditions at the
adjacent beach areas on Lake Huron.
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Case Study - Green Bay
Green Bay is highly polluted due to the discharge
of agricultural runoff and treated waste
effluents from municipal and industrial sources.
A marked gradient in water quality exists between
the mouth of the Fox River and the boundary with
Lake Michigan near Escanaba. Under a grant from
U.S. EPA, we quantified pollutant inputs to the
bay and studied their subsequent fate and
transport. We developed a mathematical model
which demonstrated the response of water quality
conditions in the may to changes in the discharge
of pollutants from the Fox River.
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Case Study - Onondaga Lake
For more than 100 years, Onondaga Lake has
received the municipal and industrial waste
discharges of the city of Syracuse, NY. The lake
has been identified in the Congressional Record
as the most polluted lake in the U.S. Since
1986, we have worked with Upstate Freshwater
Institute in exploring options for lake cleanup,
including advanced treatment at the 125 million
gallon per day Syracuse Metropolitan Treatment
Plant (METRO) and diversion of the METRO effluent
to the adjoining Seneca River.
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Case Study - NYC Reservoirs
The New York City drinking water supply system is
composed of 19 reservoirs and three controlled
lakes located in southeastern upstate New York.
The system has a usable capacity of 580 billion
gallons and supplies an average of 1.4 billion
gallons per day to 9 million people. Since 1992,
we have been working with the NYC Department of
Environmental Protection to assure a high quality
source water despite increasing land use and
pollution pressures in the watershed.
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Case Study - Lake Superior
Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world by
surface area and the most pristine of the Great
Lakes. It is also the least well known of these
precious resources. Because of its relatively
undeveloped watershed, most pollutants reach the
lake from the atmosphere. Under grants from the
National Science Foundation and the Michigan
Great Lakes Protection Fund, we have been working
to better understand how pollutants reaching the
lake are transported from site to site and cycled
within the food web.
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Case Study Lake Sempach, Switzerland
Lake Sempach is a deep, pre-alpine lake in the
heart of lush farmlands in Switzerland.
Agricultural runoff and sewage inputs caused
severe eutrophication of the lake. Building
tertiary sewage treatment plants was not enough
to solve the problem, and in-lake treatment
(aeration) also was ineffective. This situation
has led the Swiss government to pass legislation
stating that farmers cannot apply more fertilizer
to the land than the land can absorb. We studied
the processes in the sediments that promoted
internal recycling of nutrients and exacerbated
the eutrophication problem.
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Case Study Little Rock Lake, WI
Little Rock Lake, near Rhinelander, WI, is a
seepage lake situated in glacial outwash sands.
Such lakes have very little capacity to
neutralize acid rain. This lake was divided in
two with an artificial curtain, and one half was
experimentally acidified for six years and then
allowed to recover in order to study the effects
of acid rain on lakes. We studied the processes
in the lake that neutralize acid inputs and that
determine the rate at which this lake is
acidified.
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Case Study Torch Lake, MI
Torch Lake is a Superfund site on the Keweenaw
Peninsula that had 20 of its volume filled with
mine tailings (stamp sands). Trace metals have
leached from these mine residues and reached
toxic concentrations particularly in the
sediments. The U.S.EPA elected not to remediate
the lake because of the expense involved.
However, our work has shown that the time
required for the lake to recover on its own is a
few hundred years. Senior design classes have
examined the feasibility of capping the sediments
of the lake to hasten its recovery.
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Case Study Torch Lake, MI
Torch Lake is a Superfund site on the Keweenaw
Peninsula that had 20 of its volume filled with
mine tailings (stamp sands). Trace metals have
leached from these mine residues and reached
toxic concentrations particularly in the
sediments. The U.S.EPA elected not to remediate
the lake because of the expense involved.
However, our work has shown that the time
required for the lake to recover on its own is a
few hundred years. Senior design classes have
examined the feasibility of capping the sediments
of the lake to hasten its recovery.
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Coursework

• CE3610 - Hydrology
• CE4505 - Surface Water Quality Engineering
• CE5504 - Surface Water Quality Modeling
• CE5508 - Biogeochemistry
• BL4451 - Aquatic Ecology
• FW4220 - Wetlands

Students have the option of building a
concentration in surface water quality as part
of the B.S. in Environmental Engineering at
Michigan Tech.
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Employment

• Government (NYC DEP, MPCA, U.S. EPA)
• Industry (Detroit Edison, Kodak, GM)
• Consulting (Limno-Tech, Hydroqual, Earthtech)
• Graduate Study Research (MTU, UFI, NOAA)

Check out the web pages of these organizations
for professional opportunities.
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WHAT IS UNIQUE?
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The problem(s)

• gt20 of worlds population lacks safe drinking
  water
• Major rivers (Nile, Yellow R., Colorado R.) run
  dry before reaching the ocean
• Water tables dropping in major food producing
  regions (U.S. Great Plain, Chinese northern
  plain, India)
• Lack of water is major constraint to industrial
  and socioeconomic growth (China, India,
  Indonesia)
• By 2025 two thirds (2/3) of world population will
  live in water-stressed regions.

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SUSTAINABILTY

• Preserve limited water supplies
• Watershed or source protection
• Air pollutants move into aquatic systems
• Groundwater pollutants affect surface waters

• Interconnections
• Population growth
• Lifestyles, culture
• Science, engineering, policy
• Economics, social science,