Homework 4 solutions

1
Presentation 15

• Homework 4 solutions
• Peru Incan History Angel Leon
• OPEC Fund Investments Sean Dindar-Azimi
• Rural China, Heibei Province Chensong He
• Rural Costal Communities Peter Jones

2
Homework 4Due Mar 3, 2008

• I. WiMax Rural Service Provider
• A cooperative buys a WiMax Base station and
  network link for 3,670 and installs it on the
  mountain side for another 500. They install 18
  customer premise units for 250 each. Their
  expected rate of return is 12. What is the
  monthly charge to each user site to recover the
  investment in 10 years?
• The coop adds a WiMax nerd to manage the system
  for 14,000/ year. Now what is the monthly charge
  to each user site?
• The 500 gentry in the area with WiMax phones can
  use the WiMax network for X/min. Assuming each
  one on the average uses 20 minutes/day, What
  should X be to fully support the service for the
  other 18 coop member sites?

3

• (a)A cooperative buys a WiMax Base station and
  network link for 3,670 and installs it on the
  mountain side for another 500. They install 18
  customer premise units for 250 each. Their
  expected rate of return is 12. What is the
  monthly charge to each user site to recover the
  investment in 10 years?
• Initial PV 367050018x250 8670
• .89.797.711.635.567.506.452.403.360.322
  5.643
• Monthly charge Cx12x18x 5.643 8670
  C8670/(12x18x5.643)
• C 7.11/month for each user
• (b)The coop adds a WiMax nerd to manage the
  system for 14,000/ year. Now what is the monthly
  charge to each user site?
• PV adds 867014,000x5.643 87,672
• C 87670/(12x18x5.643) 71.92/month for each
  user

4
I.(continued)

• (c)The 500 gentry in the area with WiMax phones
  can use the WiMax network for X/min. Assuming
  each one on the average uses 20 minutes/day, What
  should X be to fully support the service for the
  other 18 coop member sites?
• Minutes per year 20x365x500 3,650,000
• PV minutes in 10 years 5.643x3,650,00020,596,
  950
• Charge per minute 87,672/20,596,950
  0.004/min
• Or without the Nerds salary
• 8670/20,596,960 .0004 /minute
• It looks like the 18 community hookups can be
  supported easily by charging cell phone users a
  small fee per minute

5
II. Rural Phone Service

• A loan at 10 rate/year is given to a rural phone
  operator to provide service in the community. The
  phone costs 200 and has a call cost of
  0.02/minute. In addition there is a 10/year
  maintenance cost on the phone. On the average
  she processes 10 three-minute calls a day,
  collecting money for each call.
• How much does she have to charge per call to earn
  8,000/yr for her work and fully pay off the loan
  in 10 years.
• What does she charge per call to earn
  10,000/year and pay off the loan in 5 years?

6

• A loan at 10 rate/year is given to a rural phone
  operator to provide service in the community. The
  phone costs 200 and has a call cost of
  0.02/minute. In addition there is a 10/year
  maintenance cost on the phone. On the average
  she processes 10 three-minute calls a day,
  collecting money for each call.
• How much does she have to charge per call to earn
  8,000/yr for her work and fully pay off the loan
  in 10 years.
• .909.826.751.683.621.564.513.466
  .424.385 6.142
• Yearly cost for phone[phone]
  52.55
• salary phone 8,052.55 call
  minutes/year 10x3x365 10,950
• per minute charge needed 0.02
  8,052.55/10,950 0.755/min
• for three-minute call 2.26
• (b) What does she charge per call to earn
  10,000/year and pay off the loan in 5 years?
• .909.826.751.683.621 3.79 Yearly
  cost of phone [phone]
• salary phone 10,072.77 per min .02
  10,072.55/10,9500.94/min
• for three-minute call 2.82
• Note Its more likely that the phone lady
  would earn 1/day for her call services. In that
  case the call would be .02(36572.77)/10,950
  .02.04 .06/min or 0.18/call

7
III. Mobile Phone Services

• Mobile service needs to provide good quality
  service with 40 dB S/N over a distance including
  terrain blockage.
• For years the standard was a 25 kHz bandwidth
  with a 12 dB C/N threshold, requiring 20 watts of
  power. For the same range (assuming the receiving
  and transmitting antennas and temperature are the
  same) what would be the power requirement for
• Sideband with 3.3 kHz bandwidth and 35 dB C/N?
• Companded Sideband with 3.3 kHz bandwidth and 7
  dB C/N?
• Digital voice with 4 kHz (8kb/s) and 6 dB C/N?

8
III.(continued)

• FM Standard 25 kHzgt 44dB C/kT 441256
  dBHz with 20 watts
• (a) 3.3kHgt35.2 C/kT 35.23570.2dBHz
• 70.2-5614.2gt 26.3 x 20 526 watts for
  Sideband
• (b) C/kT 35.2 7 42.2dBHz
• 42.2-56 -13.8 dBgt .041 x 20 0.83 watts
  for Companded Sideband
• (c) 4 khzgt 36 C/kT 366 42dBHz
• 42-56 -14 dBgt .040 x 20 0.80 watts for
  8kb/sec digital voice

9
IV. WiMax Relay Performance

• Were going to relay 50 Mb/sec from our community
  to a mountain top repeater 50 km away,we will use
  QPSK modulation with a BER 10-4, and Eb/No9.9
  dB. Our antennas are 1 M diameter with 65
  efficiency. We need a fade margin of 25 dB. The
  receivers have temperatures of 200 deg K.
• What power is required at a radio frequency of
  2.5 GHz?
• Whats needed at 5.0 GHz with 2 dB added rain
  loss?

10

• Were going to relay 50 Mb/sec from our community
  to a mountain top repeater 50 km away,we will use
  QPSK modulation with a BER 10-4, and Eb/No9.9
  dB. Our antennas are 1 M diameter with 65
  efficiency. We need a fade margin of 25 dB. The
  receivers have temperatures of 200 deg K.
• At 2.5 GHz At 5 GHz
• l 3x108/2.5x109 0.12 M 3x108/5x1090.06 M
• Lfs20log(0.12/4p50,000)-134.4dB
  20log(0.06/4p50,000)-140.4
• G .65(px1.0/0.12)2445gt26.5 .65
  (px1.0/0.06)21782gt32.5dB
• 50 Mb/s77dBHz C/kT 779.986.9dBHz
• T200gt23dB 2dBgt1.58 T200290x0.58/1.58306gt2
  4.8
• What power is required at a radio frequency of
  2.5 GHz?
• EIRP C/kTk-(Gr/Tr)-LfsAttFM
• 86.9-228.6-26.523134.4025 14.2
• P14.2-26.5-12.3gt59 milliwatts
• Whats needed at 5.0 GHz with 2 dB added rain
  loss?
• EIRP C/kTk-(Gr/Tr)-LfsAttFM
• 86.9-228.6-32.524.8140.4225 18
• P 18-32.5-14.5gt35 milliwatts

11
Peru
12
Geographical Location

• Located in west central South America bordering
  the Pacific Ocean
• A land of sharp contrasts, with an arid coastal
  dessert
• Rugged snow-capped peaks of the Andes
• And steamy rainforests that form part of the vast
  Amazon basin

13
Profile

• Area 1,285,000 sq km
• Capital Lima
• Population 30 million
• Language Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara
• Ethnic groups Indigenous (45), mestizo (mixed
  Indigenous and white 37), white (15), black
  (2), japanese, chinese and other (1).
• Currency Nuevo sol

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
History Pre-Inca and Inca civilization

• Human settlement in Peru dates back to around
  15,000 BC
• Development of Pre-Inca cultures around 10,000
  BC Chinchoro, Chavin, Paracas, Mochica,
  Tiahunaco, Nazca, Wari, Chimu and Chachapoyas
• Pre-Columbian cultures developed agriculture,
  designed sophisticated irrigation canals,
  produced the first textiles and decorative
  ceramics
• Another important advance was the specialization
  of labor, aided in large part by the development
  of a hierarchical society

20
Pre-Inca and Inca civilization

• Mummified their dead, long before the ancient
  Egyptians had thought of it
• The Incas built one of the largest and wealthiest
  empires in the western hemisphere beginning in
  the mid-1400
• Located on the western coast of South America,
  the empire extended more than 4000 km (more than
  2500 miles)
• Included regions of present-day Colombia,
  Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina,
  Paraguay and the Amazon basin.

21
(No Transcript)
22
The city of Cuzco, situated in southern Peru, was
the Inca capitalThe anonymous Inca engineers
achieved artistic immortality with the design of
massive masonry walls that incorporated stones
weighing more than 100 tons.The irregularly
finished blocks interlock so perfectly that the
joints between them appear as mere hairlines
23
(No Transcript)
24
Machu Picchu high in the Andes
25
Contributions of Inca Civilization

• The inhabitants of the Andean region developed
  more than half the agricultural products that the
  world eats today
• Among these are more than 20 varieties of corn,
  240 varieties of potato as well as one of more
  varieties of squash, beans, peppers, peanuts,
  starchy root and quinoa which is made into cereal
• The Incas made many discoveries in medicine. They
  performed successful skull surgery which involved
  cutting holes in the skull to release pressure
  from head wounds.
• The Incas developed one of the most extensive
  road systems traversing the Andes mountains and
  reaching heights of over 5,000 m (16,500 feet)
  above sea level
• They used terraces, a sophisticated approach to
  the problem of farming

26
The empire was spread out over several climates,
requiring the use of a wide range of agricultural
systemsThe incas were the worlds finest
agricultural engineers. They terraced and
irrigated entire mountains sides, achieving
several growing seasons per year.Another Andean
agricultural technique that made a huge
difference in farming was the raised fieldsThese
fields were man-made platforms surrounded by
canals which provided a sophisticated
irrigational effect, in which the canals provided
water to plantss roots during drought and acted
a drainage during heavy rains. The Incas
developed the astronomical calendarAt the height
of its existence the Inca Empire was the largest
nation on earth.The wealth and sophistication of
the legendary Inca people lured many
anthropologists and archaelogists to the Andean
nations in quest to understand the Incas
advanced ways and what led to their ultimate
demise
27
Conquest

• Spain dominated Peru from 1530 to 1821
• During the first century of Spanish domination,
  the number of indigenous people declined by
  almost 80- the result of the introduction of
  European diseases (smallpox and measles, for
  example), overwork and malnutrition
• Peru got its independence from Spain in 1821

28
Simon Bolivar and Jose de Sucre

• In 1823 Bolívar took command of the invasion of
  Peru and in September arrived in Lima with Sucre
  to plan the attack. On August 6, 1824, Bolívar
  and Sucre jointly defeated the Spanish army in
  the Battle of Junín. On December 9 Sucre
  destroyed the last remnant of the Spanish army in
  the Battle of Ayacucho, eliminating Spain's
  presence in South America.

29
Bolivian President Evo Morales

• In Bolivia, indigenous people represent more than
  60 of the population.

30
Present Government and Economics

• Economic plan intended to create social justice
• Based on state-controlled and private property
• A competive government along with private
  enterprise can work together to ensure economic
  development
• Government should be present where private
  investment is not
• Universal access to medical service and education
• Sistematic planification of rural and urban
  development
• Agrarian Bank, a financial institution intended
  to lend money to farmers at a very low interest
  rate
• Active participation of society, private sector,
  universities and social programs to eradicate
  poverty
• Stimulate the development of national industries
  that can compete with the rest of the world. For
  example semiconductors, automobiles, electronics
  and so on

31
Peruvian President Alan Garcia
32
Inaugural Speech
33
Telecommunications Objectives

•       The challenge is to increase access to
  telecommunications services at very affordable
  prices in low-income areas
•       The focus is on cities and rural
  communities where service is not available and
  penetration is rather low
•       Service is available but some residents in
  urban and rural areas cannot afford the service
  at current rates and conditions because of
  monopolies inflating prices
•       The present government has designed a plan
  to get more competitive prices and exclude
  monopolies from having control
•       Low-income markets have a business
  potential and the challenge for the regulator
  (present government) is to enable a wide range of
  possible service providers, technology to address
  these markets and for the operators to tailor
  their service offering to the particular needs
  and means of low-income users
•       It is being done presently with a very
  aggressive and realistic telecommunications
  economic plan
• The options range from universal access to basic
  and advanced services through communal facilities
  (payphones, cell phones, Internet kiosks) to
  universal service through individual household
  connections to basic and advanced network and
  services

34
Global Teleports VSAT hub gateway for Ku band and
C band internet access. Coverage includes

• North and South America, the Caribbean, Cuba,
  Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras,
  Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama,
  Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador,
  Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Falkland Isles.

35

• Broadband satellite internet access and VoIP
  service is offered in both Ku and C band on the
  NSS7 which is an Atlantic Ocean region satellite
  over the equator at 22 deg west orbit longitude.
• 1.   North America Ku band spot beam provides
  high power towards most of the Caribbean. 
• 2.   C band service is applicable to all South
  America.
• 3.   Ku spot covers Brazil and South America.

36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Presidential Palace
39
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)

• Permanent, intergovernmental Organization,
  created at the Baghdad Conference on September
  1014, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
  and Venezuela. The five Founding Members were
  later joined by nine other Members Qatar (1961)
  Indonesia (1962) Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab
  Jamahiriya (1962) United Arab Emirates (1967)
  Algeria (1969) Nigeria (1971) Ecuador
  (19731992) Gabon (19751994) and Angola (2007).
  
• OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland,
  in the first five years of its existence. This
  was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1,
  1965.

Hossein Kazempour Ardebili Governor for OPEC,
Chairman of the OPEC Board of Governors
40
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)

• OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify
  petroleum policies among Member Countries, in
  order to secure fair and stable prices for
  petroleum producers an efficient, economic and
  regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations
  and a fair return on capital to those investing
  in the industry.

41
OPEC Fund for International Development

• Intergovernmental development finance institution
  which promotes cooperation between member states
  of the OPEC and other developing countries.
• By providing financial resources to assist the
  developing countries in their economic and social
  advancement.
• The Fund was established in January 1976 by 13
  member countries of OPEC.
• The Fund presently has 13 member countries
• Algeria, Gabon,Indonesia, the Islamic Republic
  of Iran, Iraq,Kuwait, the Great Socialist,
  Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar,
  Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the
  Bolivian Republic of Venezuela and Angola.

42
OPEC Fund for International Development

• The Fund was originally created as an
  international account collectively owned by the
  countries contributing to it.
• In May 1980,its status was changed to permanent
  international development agency. Its present
  name was adopted from that date.
• Earlier it was called the OPEC Special Fund.
• The fund is used for
• Extension of loans for project and program
  financing.
• Grants in support of technical assistance.
• Food aid, research, and emergency aid.
• OPEC aid began in the early 1960s, long before
  any oil price adjustments
• It was not conceived as compensation for higher
  oil prices.
• The Fund does not maintain any offices or staff
  outside its headquarters in Vienna, Austria.

43
OPEC Fund for International Development

• The unit of account of the Fund is the United
  States dollar.
• The Funds publications are issued in English and
  occasionally in other languages.
• The Annual Report is published in Arabic, French
  and Spanish, as well as English.
• The resources of the Fund consist
• Mainly of voluntary contributions by OPEC members
• Accumulated income derived from the Funds
  investments and loans (interest and service
  charges).

44
02/03/07 58.56

• The Funds operations were launched in August
  1976 with initial contributions of 800 million.
• These resources have been replenished three
  times.
• They have been further increased by the profits
  accruing to seven OPEC member countries through
  the sale of gold held by the International
  Monetary Fund, and by the Funds accumulated
  income.
• By end of the 2005, contributions pledged by
  member countries totaled 3,435 million, out of
  which 2,455 million was direct contributions to
  OFID.
• The Reserve Account stood at 2,470 million.

45
OPEC Fund for International Development

• By the end of December 2006, the level of
  cumulative development assistance stood at
  8,596.2 million
• Public sector financing
• 851 project loans valued at 5,396.4 million
• 42 program loans amounting to 314.8 million
• 185 balance of payments (BOP) support loans worth
  724.2 million
• 34 HIPC Initiative loans totaling 241.3 million
• 1 loan to the Poverty Reduction and Growth
  Facility (PRGF) Trust of the International
  Monetary Fund (IMF) of 50 million
• Private sector financing
• 96 operations valued at 518.1 million
• 842 grants worth a total of 379.6 million
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
  (IFAD) 861.1 million
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) Trust Fund
  110.7 million

46
(No Transcript)
47

• The fund remains faithful to its goal of focusing
  on the low-income countries, and to those
  countries that will improve the lives of the
  poorest and most vulnerable members of their
  society, especially women and children.

48

• Most people think of aid to developing countries
  are the big public projects such as
• Roads and hospitals, designed to help build up a
  countrys infrastructure
• These projects are vital for development and
  growth.

49
Private sector

• Assistance to the private sector in developing
  countries pay enormous dividends.
• The private sector in the developing world
  creates nine out of 10 new jobs.
• Many developing countries have chronic
  unemployment
• Getting a job means a road out of poverty
• Small and medium-sized businesses are
  particularly important generators of wealth.

• The private sector generally suffers from
  daunting challenges,
• Lack of access to adequate funding.
• Not eligible for assistance from commercial
  banks, which in any case are often not geared
  toward working with small-scale enterprises.
• In 1998 the OPEC Fund established a Private
  Sector Facility (PSF) to enable it to channel
  resources directly to this crucial sector.

50
Private sector

• As a generator of trade, investment and
  employment, the private sector has a pivotal role
  to play in sustainable development and poverty
  alleviation.
• Creating the enabling conditions that allow
  private enterprise to flourish is therefore
  generally believed to be a key element of
  economic growth.
• The main enabling ingredients include
• Effective regulation, governance and legislation
  and favorable taxation incentives, along with
  well developed infrastructure such as
  transportation, telecommunications, education and
  healthcare.

Sudatel is bringing remote villages in the Sudan
the benefits of modern telecommunications by
connecting them to the fiber optic network.
Installing mobile phone transmitters in Tunisia.
Loans from the OPEC Funds Private Sector
facility have recently enabled several private
mobile telecom providers in the Middle East and
North Africa to expand their network coverage.
51
Sustainability

• Sustainability has been one of the core
  principles of the OPEC Fund right from the very
  beginning. This is evidenced by the fact that
  many of the grants extended by the fund sponsor
  areas of endeavor vital to ensuring sustainable
  development
• Fund-financed projects are designed to be carried
  out in harmony with the environment, and to do as
  little damage as possible.
• Many of the Funds activities are aimed expressly
  at rehabilitating the environment.

52
Venezuela Getting out of Poverty

• With the countrys oil-based income increasing
  exponentially, Venezuela has invested heavily in
  domestic social programs.
• According to the Venezuelan National Statistics
  Institute, poverty rates have declined from 49 to
  37 per cent since Chávez assumed office.
• This process was made possible by Chávez's
  successful mobilization of poor Venezuelans into
  a mass movement.
• Oil wealth has made Venezuela one of the regions
  wealthiest countries.
• Poverty rates have been brought below 50 per cent
  in the last two years.

53
Venezuela Getting out of Poverty

• In 2004, Venezuela invested 3.7-billion of its
  6.5-billion net oil profits in social missions.
• In 2005 they invested 5-billion, providing
  medical services to over 17 million Venezuelans,
• Teaching one million people to read, and granting
  46 per cent of Venezuelans access to basic
  foodstuffs at significant discounts.
• Energy Minister Rafael Ramírez announced the
  industrys plans for the period from 2005-2012
  based on projected revenues, calling for a total
  social investment of 56-billion (nearly
  10-billion per year).

54
A Gas OPEC

• Russian President Vladimir Putin has said that
  forming a natural gas equivalent of the oil
  producers' cartel OPEC with Iran and possibly
  other countries was "an interesting idea."
• "A gas OPEC is an interesting idea. We're going
  to think about it," Putin said.
• Iran has the second-largest known gas reserves in
  the world, while Algeria is the second-biggest
  supplier of gas to Europe after Russia.
• Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has
  previously expressed support for closer
  coordination of gas production with Russia.

55
Telecommunication Plan for Hebei Province

• Chensong He
• Department of Electrical Computer Engineering
• Portland State University

56
Geography

• The province is located in the North China Plain
  extending into the Inner Mongolian Plateau.
• Area is 187,700 km² (Oregon255,026 km² )

57
Population and Ethnicity

• Total population 67.44 million.
• (Oregon3.42
  million)
• Population growth rate 4.98.
• Ethnicity
• Han, Manchu, Hui, Mongolian, Zhuang, Korean,
  Miao, and Tujia, totaling 53 minority ethnic
  groups in all.
• Han(96), others(4)

58
The Great Wall

• The east end of the Ming Great Wall (15th
  century), informally known as the "First Pass of
  The World.

59
Mountain Resort

• The Mountain Resort in Chengde , was Built
  between 1703 and 1792, the Mountain Resort took
  89 years to complete. It covers a total area of
  5.6 km² and is the world's largest existing
  imperial garden.

60
Education

• In 2000, the coverage rate of the nine-year
  compulsory education program reached 98.9
  percent. There were various schools with a total
  enrolment of 13.99 million students at different
  grades. The province has built up a comparatively
  complete educational system involving fundamental
  education, vocational and technical education,
  general higher education, and higher learning
  courses for adults and secondary education as its
  principal constituents in addition to
  kindergartens.

61
Economy

• GDP US112.43 billion in 2004 (12th).
• GDP growth rate 8.7 percent.
• GDP ratio (1st, 2nd and tertiary industries)
  16.1 5033.9

62
Rural Issues

• There were 2.43 million people in rural areas
  who still need to be further supported by the
  local government.

63

• Beijing, the capital of China, and Tianjin,
  the important trading port in the north of China,
  are situated in the center of the province,
  although are not part of it.

64
Beijing
65
Tianjin
66
Rural Area of Hebei
67
Why?

• So near in location
• BUT
• So different in economy

68
Hebeiislimited by Beijing !
69
Dust Storm

• To protect Beijing from dust storm, a large
  portion of Hebei s farmland is used to plant
  anti-duststorm trees.

70
Water

• Beijing is a city lack of water. Therefore,
  huge reservoirs are built in Hebei to support
  Beijings need of water.
• Whats more, industry is prohibited in nearby
  area to keep water source undefiled.

71

• In other words,
• Beijing develops,
• but Hebei sacrifices for it.

72
Solution tertiary industries

• Again
• GDP ratio (1st, 2nd and tertiary industries)
  16.1 5033.9
• Comparably speaking, the tertiary industries
  of Hebei are less developed.

73
Beijing The curse, but also the chance

• Large population
• Large market
• High economic growth
• 2008 Olympic Games

74
Let Modern Telecommunication Prosper Hebeis
Tertiary Industries
75
China National Fiber Optic Cable Network
76
More Fiber Optic Cable

• Firstly, link more Hebeis major cities to the
  fiber optic cable network

77
Use WIMAX For Local Network

• Reliable high-speed internet is guaranteed by
  WIMAX.

78
WiMAX Point-To-Multipoint (PMP) Plan

• Every village has one WIMAX Base Station.

79
Fixed and Mobile WiMAX CPE(Customer-premises
equipment )
80
(No Transcript)
81
(No Transcript)
82
(No Transcript)
83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
(No Transcript)
88
(No Transcript)
89
(No Transcript)