Project Backup ,Recovery

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Project - Backup ,Recovery Storage Networks

• Prof Abuzneid
• Student Manohar R Goluguri (365728)
• Rong xu (469833)

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Backup Recovery

• Backup
• In general terms Backup means - to have a copy of
  the data item somewhere else in case you
  lose the original.
• To ensure protection against accidental loss of
  user data , database corruption, hardware
  failures and even natural disasters\
• Job of an administrator to make sure that backups
  are performed and backup tapes are stored in
  secured location.

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• Recovery/restore
• Restore describes an operation that copies
  backed- up data from secondary storage to
  a primary storage device
• Computing equipment is not perfect and primary
  storage can fail .Data can be lost for other
  reasons So when data is lost a restore will bring
  back the last best copy of the data .
• A combination of full and incremental backups
  will restore most , if not all data.

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• Creating a Backup and Recovery Plan
• Data backup is an Insurance plan. Important files
  are accidentally deleted all the time . Mission
  -critical data can become corrupt. Natural
  disasters can leave offices in ruins. A Solid
  backup and recovery plan
• helps in recovering the data from these
• Figuring out a backup plan
• Time consuming to create and implement backup
  plan To figure out -- what data needs to be
  backed up -- How often ?

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To help create a plan following to be concidered

• How important is your data on your system
• Importance of data goes a long way in determining
  whether backup is required or not and how it
  should it backed up e.g. For critical data , such
  as a database we may want to have a redundant
  backup sets that extend the back up for several
  backup periods For less important data , such as
  daily userss file, elaborate backup plan is not
  required.
• What type of information does the data contain
• Data unimportant to one may be important to
  someone else. Thus type of information the data
  contains can determine if a backup is required
  as well as when and how the data should be
  backed up.

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• What type of information does the data contain
• Data unimportant to one may be important to
  someone else. Thus
• type of information the data contains can
  determine if a backup is
• required as well as when and how the data
  should be backed up.
• How often does the data change.
• The frequency of change can affect your
  decision how often the data
• should be backed up. E.g. data that changes
  daily should be backed daily
• How quickly do you need to recover the data
• Time is an important factor in creating a
  backup plan. For critical systems you may need to
  backup online swiftly . To do this you will have
  to alter your backup Plan

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• Do you have equipment to perform backup
• You must have backup hardware to perform backups.
  To perform timely backups you may need several
  backup devices and several sets of backup media.
  Backup hardware includes tape drives , optical
  drives and removable disks
• Who will be responsible for the backup and
  recovery plan
• Ideally someone should be a primary contact
  for the organizations backup. This person will
  also be responsible for performing the actual
  backup and recovery of data.
• What is the best time to schedule backups
• Scheduling backups when system use is as low as
  possible will speed the backup process. However
  you cant always schedule backups for off-peak
  hours . So you will need to carefully plan when
  key system data is backed up

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• Do you need to store backups off-site
• Storing copies of backup tape off-site is
  essential to recovery of your
• systems in case of a natural disasters. In
  off-site storage locations
• should include copies of the software required
  to install for
• reestablishing operational systems

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Basic Types of Backup Many techniques
for backing up and the technique to be used
depends upon the type of data and how
convenient the recovery process to be.
Attribute called Archive in windows explorer is
used to determine whether a file or
directory needs to be backed up.If the attribute
is ON The file may need to be backed up .
The basic types are Normal/Full Backup All
files that have been selected regardless of the
setting of the archive attribute. When the a
file is backedup the archive attributed is
cleared If the file is later modified,attribute
is set which indicates that it needs backing up

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• Copy Backups
• All files that have been selected are backed
  up , the archive attribute
• on files is not modified.This allows you to
  perform other types of
• backups on the files at a later date
• Differential backups
• Designed to create backup copies of files
  that have changed since the l
• last normal backups. The presence of the
  attribute indicates that the
• file has been modified and only files with
  attribute are backed up.
• Incremental backups
• Designed to create backups of files that have
  changed since the most
• recent normal or incremental backup
• Daily Backups
• Designed to backup files the day the file has
  been modified

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• Generally in the backup plan full backup are
  performed on weekly basis
• and supplement this with daily , differential
  or incremental backups.
• Also can create an extended backups for
  monthly and quarterly
• that includes additional files that are not
  backed up regularly
• Difference between Differential and
  incremental backup is extremely
• important . Table shown is self explanatory
  
• Next Steps.See Slide no. 13

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• Selecting Backup devices and media
• Many tools are available for backing up data .
  Some are fast and expensive
• others are slow but very reliable . The backup
  solution thats right for the
• organization depends on many factors including
• Capacity
• The amount of data that you need to backup on
  a routine basis.
• Can the backup hardware support the required
  load given your time
• and resource constraints
• Reliability
• The reliability of the back up hardware and
  the media . Can you afford
• to sacricifice reliability to meet budget or
  time needs ?

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• Extensibility
• The extensibility of the backup solution .
  Will this solution meet the
• needs as the organization grows .
• Speed
• The speed with which data can be backed up
  and recovered . Can
• you afford to sacrifice speed to reduce
  costs ?
• Cost
• The cost of the backup solution. Does it fit
  into the budget ?

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Common Backup solutions Capacity, reliability,
extensibility, speed and cost are the issues
driving Backup plan. Understanding how these
issues affect the organization will help in
selecting an appropriate backup solution. Most
commonly used backup solutions include. Tape
drives Tape drives are the most commonly used
backup devices . Tape drives use magnetic tape
catridges to store data . Magnetic tapes are
relatively inexpensive but are not highly
reliable. Tape can break and stretch. They can
loose input overtime. The average capacity of
tape catridge ranges from 100 MB to 2 GB.
Compared with other backup solutions, tape
drives are fairly slow, still the selling point
is the cost.
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• Digital audio tape ( DAT ) drives
• DAT drives are quickly replacing standard
  tape drives as the prefered
• backup devices . DAT drives use 4mm to 8mm
  tapes to store data
• They are expensive than the standard tape
  drives , but they offer more
• speed and capacity .
• 4mm - 30MB/min and 16 GB capacity
• 8mm - 10 MB/min and 36 GB capacity
  
• Auto Load tape systems
• Auto loader tape system use a magazine of
  tapes to create extended
• backup volumes capable of meeting the high
  capacity needs of the
• enterprise.
• With an Auto loader system, the tapes with
  the magazine are

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• Are automatically changed as needed during the
  backup or recovery
• process .Most auto loader tape system use DAT
  tapes. Typically system
• uses magazines with between 4 and 12 tapes. It
  has high cost.
• Magnetic optical drives
• Magnetic optical drives combine magnetic tape
  technology with optical
• lasers to create a more reliable backup
  solution than DAT . Magnetic
• optical drives use 3.5 inch and 5.25 inch disks
  that look much similar
• to floppies but are much thicker.Typically
  magnetic optical disks have
• a capacity between 1GB and 4GB
• Tape Juke boxes
• Similar to auto loader tape system.Juke boxes
  are magnetic optical
• disks rather than DAT tapes to offer high
  capacity solutions. These

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• Systems load and unload disks stored internally
  for backup and recovery operation. High cost.
• Removable Disks
• removable disks such as Iomega Jaz, are
  increasingly used as backup
• devices .Removable disks offer good speed and
  ease of use for a
• simple drive or single drive or single system
  backup. However, the
• disks drives and the removable disks tend to
  be more expensive than
• standard tape or DAT drive solution.
• Disk Drives
• Disk drives provide the fastest way to backup
  and restore files . With
• disk drives ,one can accomplish in minutes
  what takes a tape drive
• hours . So when business needs mandate a
  speedy recovery nothing
• beats disk drive. High costs and less
  extensibility.

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• Buying and using tapes
• Selecting a backup device is an important step
  toward implementing a backup and recovery plan.
  But you will also need to purchase the tapes or
  disks or both that will allow you to implement
  your plan. The number of tapes you need depends
  on how much data , how often and how long we are
  backing the data . Always additional datasets
  will come in handy.
• Typical Way to use backup tapes is to set up a
  rotation schedule whereby 2 or more sets rotated.
  It increases tape longevity by reducing the tape
  usage .
• Most common Tape rotation schedule is 10 -tape
  rotation . Table
• Shows the 10 tape rotation using incremental
  backups. This is meant 9 to 5 schedule around the
  world. For 24x7 environment 14 tapes rotation
  with 2 sets of 7 tapes is required.

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RAID Technology ( Random array of independent
disks ) It groups individual disk drives into
a logical unit that functions as one or more
virtual disks. This can improve reliability ,
performance or both. RAID Uses parity data
or sidk mirroring to allow the disk array to
continue operating without loss of data after a
disk failure. After the failed disk is
replaced , the unit automatically rebuilds the
lost data in the RAID group from information
stored on the other disks in the group. The
rebuilt RAID group contains a replica of
information it would have held if the disk module
had not failed. This is the key component of
high availability.

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There are different utilities that can be used
to bind modules into logical disk units (
called RAID Groups ) Industry has defined the
following RAID Levels RAID - 0 ( non-redundant
individual access array ) RAID - 1 ( mirrored
pair ) RAID - 1/0 ( mirrored pair ) RAID - 3
( parrallel access array ) RAID - 5 (
individual access array )

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Storage networks ( SAN )

• It is the newest concept and technology for
  providing fast and reliable mass storage. SAN
  meets todays need to store
• enormous amounts of data and deliver the data at
  tremendous speed It is fast, reliable and highly
  scalable
• Next generation high speed network architecture
• SAN Is identified by a special connection
  architecture known as fiber channel
• SAN is identified by one or more ( usually more
  ) servers connected to infinetely variable
  number and arrangement of storage device by means
  of fibre channel , hubs, switches, bridges.

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• A san topology has three distinct features
• Storage is not directly connected to network
  clients
• Storage is not directly connected to the servers
  storage devices are
• interconnected
• A distinguishing feature of the storage area
  network is the wealth
• of storage devices that can be attached to SAN
  .
• Connection technology for SAN is fibre channel
• Current speed of fibre channel is 1 Gbps
• Plans to increase speed upto 4 Gbps
• Fibre channels can connect devices over
  relatively long distances
• upto 500m between device and hub upto 10
  km between hubs

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Storage networks

• Connectivity and scalability
• Todays computer systems environments are
  very limited in the number
• of devices that can be connected together and
  also limited in that
• configurations do not easily allow the
  introduction of new technology,
• protocols
• Fiber channel addresses these issues by
  allowing
• 2 to over 16 million ports that can be
  concurrently logged into a
• fabric with a 24 bit address identifier.
• Introduction of new technology like laser
  light
• transportation of different protocols
  simultaneously

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Types of backups

• Memory data backup
• The simplest example of back up is to save the
  data in an applications memory to a file. The
  file can be a simple application data file, a
  database, or a system storage such as registry or
  directory storage like Active Directory. We dont
  normally call this backup, but the idea is the
  same, and the line can be blurred considerably.
  For example, PDA devices usually dont have a
  disk, and the application data is stored in
  memory and later backed up to the disk of an
  external system such as a PC.

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Types of backups

• Application File data backup
• The application files are normal visible files
  stored in a location that you can easily access.
  You use the application to open the file and work
  on it. Youd want to back the files up in case
  the system crashes.
• Application program backup
• This means to make a copy of the application
  installation disk(s).
• Database backup
• A Database, depending on the database management
  system (DBMS), can be stored in one file or
  multiple files. On the other hand, multiple
  databases can be stored in one file or one set of
  files. Database backup the file(s) used by the
  database.

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Internet-based storage and backup

• Now many companies offer internet based PC
  management, data storage and backup
• Relation between Backup and network
• Backup is normally divided into two large
  categories, local and network. The distinction is
  not always clear, especially with mainframe
  systems. The channel extension technology shows
  that the originally limited channels between the
  system and its storage devices, somewhat like
  cables connected to a computer.

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Critical Data Backup (CDB)

• Optimized for Internet access with line speeds as
  low as 28.8 Kbps
• State-of-the-art security
• Fully automated backups and restores
• Uses the same technology employed by many of the
  world's largest companies
• Supports Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000

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What does Channel Extension do?

• Data processing centers manage information and
  applications that are essential for daily
  business interaction.
• Documents need to be processed.
• Statements need to be printed.
• data needs to be stored off-site.
• Users need to access data housed on host
  resources.

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What does Channel Networking do?

• Channel networking overcomes cable limits
  for mainframe channel-attached devices. It
  enables peripherals like printers, check sorters,
  and graphics terminals to be located far from
  their hosts, with little or no performance
  penalty. It includes
• Channel to channel extension
• The use of channel networking
• Channel networking solution
• Channel networking applications

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Channel to Channel Extension

• Two host systems to communicate directly, but
  cable distance limitations require the systems to
  be in the same data center.
• Two hosts far apart can be connected for high
  volume data transfer if they were located in the
  same facility.
• Channel extension can mix and match older
  computer system with incompatible channels to
  extends their useful life.

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Channel networking Features

• Guaranteed data deliver (CRC checking)
• No distance limitations
• Shared data links for extension applications
• Protocol conversion for ESCON, Bus-and-Tag,
  SCSI, etc.
• Sophisticated network management
• Peripheral connectivity options (printers,
  graphics terminals,
• digital imaging, etc.)
• Dynamic alternate paths to eliminate disruptions
  
• Remote dial-in support

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The use of channel networking

• Channel networking includes
• Data center consolidation
• Distributed processing
• Outsourcing
• Mainframe to mainframe connections
• Peripheral extension

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Channel extension connections

• Optical fiber channel connections transmit over
  multimode fiber, which sends data over multiple
  paths for distances within 2 miles.
• Channel extenders transmit over single mode
  fiber, which sends data over a single path for
  distances of up to or more than 18 miles.
• The channel extender increases the distance of
  possible connections.

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SCSI Extender fiber Channel Converter

• Used in several applications involving the
  transfer of data between fiber channel and SCSI
  devices
• Full Fiber Channel Compliance.
• Disk Tape Device Support.
• Standard SNMP with RJ45 connection
• to 10Base Ethernet LAN provides
• connectivity management.
• Ethernet or Serial Configuration.
• Easy remote/local setup and firmware
• upgrades.

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8200 Channel Extension System

• Drives remote host peripherals at rated speed
  regardless of distance.
• Provide a high level of system redundancy
  ensuring that critical applications are always
  available.
• Allows the data center manager to remotely access
  diagnostic and performance data.
• Provides the ability to be proactive in network
  diagnostic efforts by transmitting alarm traps
  anywhere in the world.

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Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON)

• A set of IBM and vendor products that
  interconnect S/390 computers with each other and
  with attached storage, locally attached
  workstations, other devices using optical fiber
  technology and dynamically modifiable switches
  called ESCON Directors
• ESCON, Fiber Channel, and SCSI 3 alternative
  technologies used in SAN (storage area network).

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Back Recovery Software

• Backup for UNIX and NT systems
• Many different utilities are available
  
• Developed by University of Maryland . It is as
  advanced as a
• free backup utility gets , and has a large
  user community.
• It allows you to set up a single master backup
  server to backup
• multiple hosts to a single backup drive.
• It can backup a large number of workstations
  running multiple
• versions of Unix

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• afbackup
• - It is a cleint server backup system
  allowing many
• workstations to backup to a central
  server .
• - It can backup simultaneously or serially
• - Backups can be started from a remote
  server or by
• running cron jobs on the clients.
• - Any streaming device including a disk
  partition acting
• as a virtual tape can be used as a
  storing device.

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hostdump.sh - Used to make a quick backup
prior to making any modifications to a
clients server. - All you need to do is to
specify the following and it does the rest
- which device to use - what level of
backup to perform - a logfile to log to
- one or more servers to backup up - It
automatically parses the fstab/vfstab files and
detects all locally- mounted filesystems.
Itf the filesystem supports dump ( or some
variation of it ) it will use dump. If not,it
will use cpio - Builds a complete table of
contents of what it is about to backup - Adds
the text file to the front of the tape - After
completion of the backup it rereads the tape and
places complete file listing of all file
systems as the last file on the tape
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• Kbackup
• A GUI -driven backup tool for UNIX. Among its
  many features are
• User friendly, menu driven interface
  and command line interface for
• inclusion in automated scripts
• High reliability , thanks to using long
  established tools like afio or tar
• automated unattended backups
• full or incremental backups
• support for tape drives , floppies or
  removalble media, remote backup
• across networks
• Support for compression, encryption and
  double buffering

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Free Backup recovery utilities

• Some other Free Backup recovery utilities
• BURT - Is an extension for Tcl/Tk 8.0
  designed to perform
• backups to and recoveries from
  tapes
• rsync - It is an open source utility that
  provides fast
• incremental file transfer .
• CD Backup - especially designed for making
  automated
• backups and storing
  them on CD-Rs
• Taper - Taper is a user friendly archive
  program especially
• designed for backing up to
  tape drives
• Also Supports backing up to
  files on a hard disk

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Backup Informix,Oracle Sybases

• Oraback.sh Automates hot backup and recovery
  of Oracle 7.x and 8.x
• databases to disk or
  tape using oracles alter tablespace
• begin backup commands .
  Supports around 30 Unix flavours
• syback.sh Automates hot backup and
  recovery of sybase 11.x database
• to disk or tape using
  Sybase s dump database command.
• Also supports around 30
  Unix flavours
• infback.sh Automates hot backup and recovery
  of informix 5.x-7.x
• database using
  tbtape/ontape .

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Record System Configuration for disaster Recovery

• Do you have a clue what the configuration of the
  box was before it caught fire?
• Tools below will help to save that kind of
  information
• Duplicate.sh
• Supports only Solaris systems . Presents an
  alternative to mirroring root
• drive . It creates a standby root mirror
  ,automatically copying the current
• root drive to an alternative drive. It then
  sets the boot disk NVRAM
• parameter to cause the server to alternate
  which disk it boots from.This
• way while installing a new piece of software
  the system automatically
• boots off the alternative drive when it comes
  back. Better way to mirror the
  root drive.

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The SysAudit Utility

• The SysAudit Utility discovers and records
  system configuration
• information such as
• Disk partitioning information
• Volume manager configuration
• File system configuration
• It records this information in a file that can
  later be cross checked against current
  configuration.

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The Sysinfo Utility

• Supports several different Unix Platforms .
• It displays various types of information about
  a hosts hardware and
• operating system hardware .
• It is intended to provide information in both
  human readable and program
• parsable formats
• System admin use Sysinfo to obtain hardware
  asset information and OS
• configuration information
• e.g. Host name
• Host name aliases
• Host network addresses
• Host id etc.

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Bare -metal recovery

• When Operating system drive is destroyed , the
  only choice is a bare -metal
• recovery
• Bare-metal tools are already available in the
  following Unix Flavours
• AIX, IRIX, True-64 Unix, HP-UX
• Solaris Linux systems requires
  indivduals to come up with own
• utility
• Custom Utilities can also be made for AIX,
  IRIX, True-64, HP-UX.

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Commercial Backup Software Automation Tools

• My Legato Networker tools
• These tools include an improved bootstrap and
  failed backup
• reporting script and tools to automate
  library automations .
• My Veritas Netbackup tools
• These tools include a calander based scheduler
  , a script to
• turn the data format into a human -readable
  date, and tools to
• automate libarary operations

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Storage Area Network Vendors

• Fibre channel Host Bus Adapters ( HBAs )
• Atto
• Emulex
• Qlogic
• JNI
• SCSI-to Fibre Routers Vendors
• Atto
• Crossroads
• Chaparral

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Fibre Channel Hub/Switch Vendors

Ancor Compaq Brocade
EMC Emulex Veritas Gadzooks
Xiotech Inrange JNI Mcdata Prisa
Storagetek Vixel