Introduction to International Development INDV101 Section 1

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Introduction to International DevelopmentINDV101
- Section 1
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Grading

• Map Quiz 5
• Paper 1 15
• Edit 5
• Midterm 15
• Paper2 20
• Presentation 10
• Group presentation 5
• Final examination 20
• Attendance and participation 5

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Teaching Philosophy
Demanding Teachers
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Subject Matter Experts

• Disaster Management
• Public Health Epidemiology, Nutrition, HIV
• Social and behavioral change
• Crisis and Complex Emergencies
• Leadership and NGOs
• Local governance and political development
• Private/Public and Civil/Military Partnerships
• Information and Communication Technology
  Applications
• Real time online databases
• Digital Libraries
• Decision Support Systems
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Early Warning Systems
• Surveillance, Monitoring and Evaluation systems

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Training, education and behavioral change
Achieve sustainable broad-based improvement in
peoples living conditions
Reduce need for external assistance
Social and Economic Development
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Promoting sustainable human development through
technology and education
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Course outline

• Intro and theories of ID
• The digital divide and ID
• SHD
• Political
• Economic
• Social
• Environmental
• Controversial issues

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Lecture
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Intro

• Developing countries
• Globalization have produced an increasingly
  integrated world.
• Development is an investment, not charity
• Moral or social justice, now we know that
  underdevelopment affects us all.

SO WHAT?
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Concepts

• Sustainable Human Development
• SHD is
• A methodology
• A discipline
• A strategy for learning
• Common language

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What is development?

• Increase GDP per capita growth rates
• Multidimensional process
• Major changes in social structures, popular
  attitudes and national institutions
• Increasing sustainable economic growth
• Reducing inequality
• Erradicating poverty

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Development Inequalities
Economic
Demographic
Political
Social
Development
Progress
IncomeEducationHealth
Declines
Quality of Life
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How to improve development

• Increase the availability of basic goods (food,
  shelter, health, security)
• Increase living standards (higher incomes, more
  access to education, equality)
• Expand the range of economic and social choices
  available to individuals by freeing them from
  their dependence on others
• Amartya Sen three core values -sustenance,
  self-esteem, and freedom.

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Culture shock

• If you cant measure it, you cant communicate
  it, therefore it doesnt exist - W.E. Bertrand

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Leadership

• Dr. Eamon M. Kelly, Ph.D. has served as a member
  of the Centers Governing Board. As a senior
  executive, former university president, and
  currently Chairman of the National Science Board
  (the governing board of the National Science
  Foundation) and Professor, Payson Center, Dr.
  Kelly has extensive policy formulation, policy
  implementation and strategic management
  experience.
• Complementing this is his substantive involvement
  in the arena of international development,
  primarily in the Americas and Africa.
• Beginning with his career as Officer-in-Charge
  for the Office of Social Development within the
  Ford Foundation, he coordinated and supervised
  innovative programs, employing analytical models,
  for the development of economically advantageous
  programs to address obstacles to social
  development.
• In 1979, Kelly joined the administration of
  Tulane as Executive Vice President, and within
  the year was appointed as interim president. In
  1981, he was chosen to serve as the 13th
  president of the university. During his tenure
  at Tulane, he was credited with leading Tulane
  into an unprecedented period of growth. Today,
  Tulane has become a leading institution for the
  study of environmental, international, and urban
  programs.
• He has served on numerous governing and advisory
  boards and has received presidential appointments
  several times to public service, the most recent
  being Chair of the National Science Board. Dr.
  Kelly is formally trained in economics. He
  received his doctoral degree in economics from
  Columbia University in 1965.

• Dr. William E. Bertrand, Ph.D. is Co-Director of
  the CDMHA and also director of the Payson Center
  for International Development and Technology
  Transfer at Tulane University. Dr. Bertrand has
  served as Vice President of Institutional
  Planning, Research and Innovation at Tulane
  University. He holds an endowed chair in public
  health and has served as Chair of the Department
  of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Chair and
  Founder of the Dept. of International Health. He
  has been involved in the study of disasters and
  the disaster to development continuum since the
  mid 1970s. He became one of the early users of
  information technology in the social and health
  sciences and has maintained this interest to
  date.
• Dr. Bertrand pioneered the use of microcomputers
  in Africa in the early 1980s by setting up one
  of the first computer based surveillance and
  information systems in Niger and in other Central
  African Countries.
• Based on a model he developed and pilot tested in
  the early 1980s in Bolivia Dr. Bertrand was one
  of the developers of the USAID Famine Early
  Warning System which has operated for nearly 15
  years now as an effective early warning
  information system predicting disasters in
  Africa. He has been one of the first to apply
  information technology to higher education in the
  United States and abroad. Dr. Bertrand has
  served as consultant to such organizations as the
  World Bank, USAID, the InterAmerican Development
  Bank, Kenyas Ministry of Health and the Haitian
  School of Public Health.
• In addition, he has done substantial research in
  the field of public health in Latin America and
  Africa, in areas of disease and nutritional
  surveillance, health policy and planning and the
  integration of new information technology into
  the social sector.

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Income Inequality

• GNP - Gross National Product
• GDP - Gross Domestic Product
• Per capita
• PPP - Purchase Power Parities (1US would buy)
• Relative growth
• Income Inequality occurs within a country

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Inequality within a country
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PovertyInternational poverty linePurchase
power equivalent
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Income distribution

• Personal or size distribution of income
• Individual/Household
• How much was earned regardless of source
• Groups or size of income level
• Use 10 divisions (deciles)
• Use 5 divisions (quintiles)
• Functional or distributive factor share
  distribution of income

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Kuznets Ratio

• Bottom 20 (quintile) receives only 5
• Second quintile receives 9
• Bottom 40 receive 14
• Top 20 (fifth quintile) receives 51
• 51/143.64

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Lorenz Curves

• Analyze personal income statistics
• Cumulative terms
• Ideal exactly equal terms vs. Real degree of
  inequality

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Lorenz curve
Line of equality
Percentageofincome
Percentage of income recipients
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Gini coefficients

• Varies from 0 perfect equality and 1 perfect
  inequality
• As Lorenz curves, it can be used to study
  inequality in distribution of land, education and
  health.

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Gini coefficient
Line of equality
Percentageofincome
Lorenz curve
Difference (area) Total (area)
Percentage of population
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Why should we address income inequality?

• Inequality leads to economic inefficiency
• Inequality undermines social stability and
  increases the power of the wealthy at the expense
  of the poor
• Inequality is morally unfair

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Quality of LifeHuman OutcomesLiving conditions
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Measuring development

• An early composite indicator of development that
  included non-economic indicators was the Physical
  Quality of Life Index (PQLI), developed in 1979
  by Morris D. Morris of the Overseas Development
  Council.
• Morris averaged rankings on three indicators
  life expectancy at age 1, infant mortality, and
  literacy to form the PQLI, which ranged from 1
  (for the poorest performance) to 100 (for the
  best performance).

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Measuring development

• In 1987, the Population Crisis Committee of
  Washington DC (now known as Population Action
  International) developed the International Human
  Suffering Index (HSI).
• This index was a composite of ten indicators
  income, inflation, demand for new jobs, urban
  population pressures, infant mortality,
  nutrition, clean water, energy, adult literacy,
  and personal freedom.
• Largely as a result of the inclusion of a notion
  of personal freedom and focus on population, the
  HSI proved controversial and was not continued.

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Human Development

• With the release of the first 1990 Human
  Development Report, the United Nations
  Development Program acknowledged that a more
  comprehensive development concept was needed than
  just that of economic development measurement
  the concept of human development.

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Quality
Economic
Demographic
Political
Social
Development
Progress
IncomeEducationHealth
Declines
Quality of Life
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Human Development

• Like the PQLI, the HDI is a composite of the
  rankings on three variables longevity, as
  measured by life expectancy at birth, knowledge,
  as measured by a weighted combination of adult
  literacy (two-thirds weight) and the combined
  gross primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment
  ratio (one-third weight), and standard of
  living, as measured by GDP per capita in
  purchasing power parity (PPP) US.

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Human Development Index (HDI)
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Differences? Realities?

• 80 of the worlds populationsubsists on 20 on
  the worldsincome
• 1.3 billion people (32Pop) live (1999) on 1 per
  day, do not live to the age of 40, are
  illiterate, do not have access to safe drinking
  water