First things first.

1
First things first.

• Homework Please write a response to the
  photocopied AP free response question
• We will start building (physically building and
  assembling) the Mexican apartment building on
  MONDAY, 10/27 Your weekend homework will involve
  thismore to come
• Panel Discussion has been moved to TUESDAY the
  28th. Once you receive the panel discussion
  articles, if you are an audience member, please
  prepare 5 good questions
• and now

2
Which of the following pairs of countries are
considered rentier states?

• China and Russia
• China and Mexico
• Iran and Mexico
• Iran and Nigeria
• Nigeria and Russia

3
Mexico in Review
4
What exactly is this?

• This PowerPoint comprises lecture notes from the
  College Board Briefing Paper on Mexico, the
  Roskin reading 251-257, the article concerning
  Mexican U.S. Relations, and the handout on the
  Mexican Constitution. It also includes images
  and cultural tidbits intended to deepen your
  understanding of our first case study. Feel free
  to ask a question at any time.
• The one-pager timeline/excel spreadsheet you are
  receiving is intended to help you consolidate and
  organize information about Mexico in a thorough
  but concise manner

5
Mexico Right Now

• A country in transition has had major changes in
  the past century
• Authoritarianism Democracy
• One-party rule Pluralism
• Considered a middle income country has endured
  incredible shifts in economic stability
• Wealthy compared to other developing countries
• Population 110 million
• GDP per Capita 12,400 (2007)
• Infant mortality rate 19 per 1000 live births
• Literacy 91
• Biggest export partner U.S. 75
• Biggest import partner U.S. 55
• Household income by consumption 1.2 for poorest
  10 37 for richest 10
• Current President Felipe Calderon (PAN)
• Current party distribution http//www3.diputados.
  gob.mx/camara/001_diputados/005_grupos_parlamentar
  ios

6
Pemex

• Petroleos Mexicanos 10th largest oil company in
  the world state-owned
• Mexico is a major exporter of oil, though not a
  rentier state
• 7 of Mexicos export earnings come from oil
• Pemex corporate taxes fund 2/5ths of the
  countrys budget
• Oil was nationalized in the 1930s during the rise
  of the PRI
• Subsoil rights were also nationalized during this
  period

7
Patterns

• Since the time of the Spanish Conquest, Mexican
  history has weathered some big patterns
• Indigenous organization and empire
• Occupied organization and empire
• Revolution, centralization and disarray
• Globalization
• Struggles for independence and the path towards
  consolidated democracy
• Let us examine these more specifically from the
  beginning to
• the present. As we do so, consider these
  patterns. Do these patterns
• offer predictions? Can one assess where they
  will be in the future?

8
The Aztecs and the Maya Part of Mexicos
Cultural Legacy

• Aztecs inhabited the central valley of Mexico
• Mayas inhabited the Yucatan Peninsula (SE Mexico)
• Both were complex societies with written
  languages and scientific knowledge
• The Aztecs had a currency cacao beans (indeed,
  to this day, the mere mention of chocolate can be
  exchanged for goods and services)

9
Cortes and the end of Tenochtitlan

• Cortes came to Mexico in 1521 and defeated the
  Aztecs, ushering in a 300-year era of Spanish
  rule
• Viceroys (vice-kings) ruled Mexico as personal
  representatives of the King of Spain they had
  largely unchecked power the Spanish allowed
  almost no local autonomy
• Catholicism was the only religion tolerated the
  Church had vast wealth and power
• Unbelievable wealth was generated for the Spanish
  by the legendary Mexican silver mines

10
Mestizaje, Haciendas, and Peninsulares

• The Spanish conquistadors brought no women along,
  and carried off indigenous women, creating a new
  race Mestizos
• Mestizos are now the majority of Mexicans
• Land was divided into haciendas, which are large
  extensions of land that were given or sold at
  very low prices to Spanish colonists
• Strict racial hierarchies were enforced, with
  Europeans on top and indigenous people on the
  bottom
• Over time, Spanish born peninsulares replaced
  criollos (Spanish blood, but Latin American born)
  in colonial government
• These inequalities sowed the seeds for
  generations of future inequalities that shaped
  political culture in Mexico

11
In short

• Casta
• Peninsulares SPANISH BORN Elites
• Criollos Spanish Blood BORN in Latin America
• Mestizo Half Spanish Blood, Half Native
  Amerindian
• Conservatives Peninsulares Catholic Upper
  class
• Liberals Criollos Enlightenment educated
  Middle class Spanish blood ..included some
  peasants (included mestizos)

12
Napoleon and the Beginning of the End for Spanish
power in Mexico

• In 1808. Napoleon invaded Spain, imprisoned the
  King of Spain, and appointed his own brother
  Joseph to rule. This led to confusion over who
  would rule the colonies
• Within this vacuum of power, great tensions began
  to boil. Movements for independence began,
  pitting Catholic, conservative Spanish-born
  peninsulares against criollos as well as peasants

13
Miguel Hidalgo and Mexicos First Stab at
Independence

• In 1810, Miguel Hidalgos movement was the first
  non-conservative indigenous Mexican attempt at
  revolution that included poor peasants
• Ultimately, though, it was taken over by
  conservative elements within the Mexican elite
• Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821,
  but did not achieve stability.
• Liberals (criollos Spanish-blood enlightenment
  educated) wanted to restrain the power of the
  church and redefine Mexico based on the U.S.
  model of democracy and capitalism
• Conservatives (peninsulares) longed for a
  European monarch to provide stability and
  reestablish the power of the Catholic Church

14
Foreign Intervention

• In 1835, Texas declares independence from Mexico
• 1846-1848 U.S. invades and takes half of
  Mexicos territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe
  Hidalgo
• 1864 The French invade Mexico and install
  Maximilian von Hapsburg as emperor
• 1867 French (and their Mexican conservative
  backers) are pushed out and defeated, and
  Maximilian is executed
• The Porfiriato era begins

15
Porfiriato

• Porfiriato refers in name to Porfirio Diaz, and
  symbolically to an era marked by Mexican
  nationalism, centralized power, modernization,
  peace and growth. This was, above all, a period
  marked by change (understood in absolute value).
  
• Diaz was a liberal military hero and dictator
• He ordered huge investments in infrastructure
• Mining and oil industries were revived
• Free trade policies were adopted
• Major infrastructural gains were seen
• Inequality increased dramatically
• Diaz ruled for 35 years

16
Recruits in Mexico City during the reign of
Porfirio Diaz
17
The Era of Revolution

• From 1910-1920, Revolution raged through Mexico
• Rebel armies in the north (led by Pancho Villa)
  and in the south (led by Emiliano Zapata) forced
  the resignation of Diaz
• The peasant rebellions continued, however, and a
  succession of Presidents could not maintain power
  or create stability

18
U.S. Presence and influence in revolutionary
Mexico

• In 1913, U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson worked
  with Mexican rebels to organize a plot to
  overthrow the Mexican President
• This was known as the Pact of the Embassy
• Wilson wanted the current President out of power
  to protect U.S. business interests in Mexico
• They were not satisfied with the man who took his
  place, and in 1914 the U.S. Navy occupied
  Veracruz in the hopes of overthrowing him.
  Things turned incredibly bloody, and continued
  for several years

19
Caroline Beers Three Factors of Revolution

• Potential revolutionaries must perceive injustice
• They must have access to basic resources,
  including leadership and weapons
• The state must be weak, which is often caused by
  splits among elites
• Could we be headed for REVOLUTION?

20
In the wake of the revolution One Party Rule

• In 1929 the PRI is formed
• Strengthened dramatically during the 30s
• Redistributed land
• Nationalized oil and other resources
• The next 30 years were characterized by state-led
  development and economic growth
• Marked by democratic window dressings and
  authoritarian leadership
• Rigged elections
• Manipulated data
• Vast presidential powers
• Coincided with an era of Mexican nationalism
  Mexicanization
• Art of the time echoed this sentiment

Jose Clemente Orozco
21
David Alfaro Siqueiros
22
Diego Rivera
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How did one-party rule work?

• President was de facto leader of the ruling
  party, and named ruling party candidates for
  governorships
• President had informal powers to dismiss
  governors if he disapproved of performance
• Because President controlled ruling party, he
  essentially could choose all of the PRIs
  candidates for political office
• Legislature basically rubberstamped executive
  initiatives
• Legislators owed their positions to the President
• Legislators were not re-elected, and so the best
  next step politically was to try and get work in
  the executive branch
• It was a similar situation with judges, who until
  1994 had no formal powers of judicial review

24
But that was all politicianswhat about ordinary
folks (like Joe the Plumber and Nate Boyce) ?

• Corporatism The opposite of pluralism
  Government allows certain groups access in
  exchange for loyalty
• Used temporary benefits to the poor to control
  their loyalty
• PRI gave privileged access to the main peasant
  organization, Confederacion Nacional de
  Campecinos
• In exchange for loyalty, groups such as this got
  a seat at the table during policy negotiations
• While this gave some the illusion of
  representation, it made many weak and dependent
  upon the state
• Control over information PRI often deliberately
  skewed election results, even when they won, to
  reinforce the public image of their legitimacy
• No open primaries until very recently
• As economic conditions worsened (and thus the
  access to resources that ensures a basic quality
  of life decreased), so too did the PRIs ability
  to politically manipulate

25
The Breakdown of the PRI

• Though the economic crises of the 1980s and 90s
  cemented the fall of the PRIs one-party
  corporatist structure, some key events sowed the
  seeds much earlier.
• In 1968, Mexico city hosted the Olympic Games.
  Seeing it (as many countries do) as a chance to
  show off their productivity and modernization,
  they spent vas sums.
• Following the tide of many people the world over,
  student protestors organized massive protests
  against the governments
• The subsequent crushing of the protests revealed
  to much of the world the nature of the PRI
  regime, and the pendulum swung

26
(No Transcript)
27
Quick Timeline

• 1983 Municipal elections yield strong party
  opposition
• 1985 Earthquake reveals inability of PRI to
  mobilize adequate response
• 1988 Internal dissent within PRI leads to
  widespread allegations of electoral fraud, and
  PRI candidates came to power with less legitimacy
• 1989 PRI loses its first gubernatorial
  elections in Baja
• And then in 2000.

28
Vicente Fox
29
Fox and Bush, pre 9/11
30
Political Parties in Mexico
31
PRI

• PartidoRevolucianarioInstitutcional (originally
  the PartidoNacionalRevolucionario (PNR) )
• Founded in 1929, and dramatically strengthened
  over the following decade
• Ruled as single party in power from 1929-2000
• Nationalized companies
• Redistributed land
• Set up an elaborate corporatist structure along
  four groups Military, workers, peasants, and
  popular groups (the middle class)
• State-led development (Import Substitution
  Industrialization (ISI) high import tariffs on
  locally produced goods (protectionism)
  nationalized industries
• Media WAS heavily dependent on PRI for subsidy.
  This has since changed
• Non-ideological, broad-based party
• Adopted a policy of Mexican nationalism, known as
  Mexicanization
• Generally considered an authoritarian regime with
  democratic window dressings during the thick of
  its rule

32
PAN

• PartidoAccionNacional
• Founded in 1939 oldest opposition party
• Represents the right/conservative side
• Founders were middle class Catholics
• Grew significantly during economic crises of the
  1980s, winning governorships in northern states,
  like Baja
• Has since adopted (along with the PRI) neoliberal
  economic policies
• Popular in the northern border states and north
  central states

33
PRD

• Partido de la RevolucionDemocratica
• Founded in 1989
• Represents the nationalist political left
• Grass-roots social movements
• Supports economic nationalism, opposes free trade
  and privatization
• Strongest in Mexico City and the poorer states of
  southern Mexico

34
The States of Mexico

• 31 states
• Mexico city a Federal District like D.C., but
  with distinct differences, such as
• Each state has its own constitution, governor,
  and unicameral legislature

35
The Rough Vision (please reserve artistic
judgmentor view this as modern art
36
Homework.

• Go through the slideshow notes, your review
  packet, etc.
• Write down design ideas for the four sides of the
  apartment building, the foundation, and the
  commemorative sign (economic, social/ethnic,
  political, history) or if you wish, come up
  with different categories for the sides
• Make a rough sketch of what you envision IN
  ADDITION to your notes
• On Monday, I will bring in supplies to build the
  apartment we will quickly agree to some
  categories for the sides, and then split into
  five groups four groups will get a side, and 1
  group will get the foundation and the
  commemorative sign
• It just dawned on me that we should add a roof
  (very symbolic!)
• Then we shall construct!

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REMINDER!

• On Monday, I will look at the following
• Calderon info that you found online
• A response to the Constitution handout (if you
  dont have it, come see me)
• Your apartment idea
• Panel discussion Tuesday Bring 5 good questions
  if you are not in the PRO or CON discussion group
• TEST THURSDAY
• Newscasters and previous panelists come and see
  me afterward. I have gradesheets for you

38
Senate and Chamber of Deputies

• Chamber of Deputies is lower house
• 500 total seats
• 300 through FPTP/SMD
• 200 through PR
• Members serve single, 3-year terms
• Senate is the upper house
• Each state and fed dist have 3 senators 32
  seats by proportional representation so you have
  single-member districts allowing local
  representation, and a fairer distribution of
  party seats through the PR
• Members serve single 6-year terms

39
How it works

• Chamber of Deputies
• Country divided into 300 geographic districts
  one rep elected from each district
• Each party also prepares a list for the PR seats.
  Those 200 seats are allocated based on the of
  the vote each party received in the SMD elections
• Senate
• Each state and the federal district has 3
  senators. Each party presents a list of 2
  candidates. The party that wins the most votes
  gets both senators from their list. The party
  that comes in second gets 1 senator.
• Another 32 seats are allocated by proportional
  representation
• Some math.
• 96 by FPTP 32 by PR 128 total Senators

40
Now for the worst PPT slide of all time!

• Green wealthy
• Pink poor

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(No Transcript)
42
2005

• As of 2005, PRI was the biggest party in both
  chambers, but not longer had a majority
• 2006
• PRI truly jolted no longer majoritysee handout

43
A conclusion

• One of the few federal countries, but power still
  concentrated in center
• This has clearly changed though, as the legacy of
  PRI one-party rule continues to erode
• There is a spectrum to federalismand, of
  course.wait for it..wait for it.
• YOU HAVE TO CONSIDER HOW LONG THINGS TAKE TO
  CHANGE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  !!!!!!!!!!!

44
Main Cleavages Ethnicity, Class and Region

• Still many tensions between mestizos and
  indigenous people
• Less than 10 of Mexicans actually speak an
  indigenous language, but 30 think of themselves
  as Indians
• Indigenous people tend to live in marginalized
  rural areas and are more likely to live in
  poverty
• The Zapatistas came up in 1994 and have since
  engaged in protest (often militant) they are
  comprised of indigenous Mexicans and have taken
  up arms for equal rights. Based out of Chiapas
  in southern Mexico, one of the poorest of the 31
  states
• The corporatist structure under PRI made these
  divisions worse in many places

45
Regional

• North is wealthier, more of a mixed population
  pushed for democratic reform
• South is poorer, indigenous since late 90s has
  turned towards PRD

46
Religion

• Protestants are starting to have a voice in
  Mexico, which is causing some tensions with the
  traditional Catholics
• 90 of Mexicans are professed Catholics, but
  since independence, the spirit has been generally
  secular
• The revolutions of the early 20th century were
  anti-clerical (what does this mean) they were
  not rooted in the conservative peninsulare
  tradition
• 1917 Constitution imposed limits on Church lands
• Freedom of religion is guaranteed in article 24,
  and article 130, as amended in 1992, elaborates
  on the historical principle of the separation of
  church and state
• Consider who was drafting this constitutionthe
  same folks who opposed the conservative Catholic
  voice

47
Women

• Women have made progress in Mexico
• 47 of students enrolled in universities are
  female
• Women are proportionally well-represented in
  Congress
• Nevertheless there are class divisions
• Poor women tend towards the private service
  industry (maids and nannies for upper class
  families)
• Women make up majority of labor force in
  foreign-owned factories
• MNCs often prefer to hire women, seeing them as
  more detail-oriented, more reliable, and less
  likely to protest about working conditions

48
Foreign Policy Scope

• Drugs
• Globalization
• NAFTA
• Tariff rates on US imports have gone down
• Mexico less dependent on oil for export revenues
• Immigration
• The Rest of Latin America!

49

• Does Mexico have a consolidated democracy? Why
  or why not?
• Here is a related Roskin theory
• By the mid-90s, 1) The PRI was stinking more
  and more, and 2) Mexicans were sufficiently
  educated and sophisticated to see the system for
  what it was. A system of control and co-optation
  that could work amid ignorance and poverty could
  not work amid a substantial middle-class, and
  Mexico by now had one. Many top politicians,
  some with US graduate degrees were ashamed, and
  embarrassment can be a powerful motivator. It
  was almost as if PRI knew the game was up. It
  implemented serious electoral reforms and to its
  credit, lost. In 2000 Mexico got its first
  turnover in power since the revolution. A second
  turnover could mark a stable Mexican democracy