Neuroscience Jeopardy

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Neuro-Jeopardy!
Created by Beven Livingston, Becky Huot,
Wendy Hasenkamp Graduate Students Emory
University Graduate Program in Neuroscience Edit
ed by Jordan Rose Outreach
Coordinator Center for Behavioral
Neuroscience http//www.cbn-atl.org/education/ou
treach.html Please send questions or comments
to jrose14_at_learnlink.emory.edu
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Neuro-Jeopardy!
Common Potpourri Whats that
When it goes Bonds for? wrong
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COMMON BONDS - 200
A disease affecting the following people

• Vincent van Gogh
• Kurt Cobain
• Ted Turner
• Jim Carrey
• Winston Churchill
• Harrison Ford

• Charles Dickens
• Robin Williams
• Monica Seles
• Emily Dickinson
• Sting
• Roseanne

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What is Depression?
There are two major types of depression

• UNIPOLAR
• major depression
• Affects 17.6 million Americans/year
• Affects 1/5 women
• Affects 1/15 men
• Treatment cost 30 billion in 1990

• BIPOLAR
• manic depression
• Affects 2-3 million Americans/year
• men and women equally affected
• treated with Lithium

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Symptoms of Depression

• Unipolar (major)
• persistent sadness
• loss of interest
• loss of energy
• changes in appetite
• low self-esteem
• changes in sleep
• poor concentration
• school/work absences

• Bipolar (manic)
• Recurrent episodes of mania and depression
• euphoric mood
• irritability
• racing thoughts
• excessive spending
• decreased sleep

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Causes of Depression

• ENVIRONMENTAL
• stress (major/chronic)
• serious loss
• chronic illness
• separation
• chemical dysfunction

• GENETIC
• most important predisposing factor
• vulnerability to depression
• vulnerability to environmental factors

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COMMON BONDS - 400
VIDEO DAILY DOUBLE
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The brain disorder depicted by the woman in this
video
Click on the movie window to pause/play. Click
outside the movie when you are ready to see the
answer.
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What is Parkinsons Disease?

• movement disorder
• slowly progressive
• tremor at rest
• Akinesia inability to move
• Bradykinesia slow movements
• postural reflex impairment

• affects over 1 million Americans, including
  Michael J. Fox, Muhammad Ali, Pope John Paul,
  Janet Reno
• Avg. age of onset 58
• 40 of PD patients are under age 60
• Decrease in neurotransmitter dopamine

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COMMON BONDS - 600

• disease of aging
• gradual memory loss
• dementia
• affects 1 million Americans
• Ronald Reagan

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What is Alzheimers Disease?

• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Usually does not occur before age 45
• rare before age 65
• affects 11 of people over 65
• unknown cause

• DIAGNOSIS
• Memory loss
• Rule out other possible factors
• Head injury, PD, Huntingtons, Stroke, tumor,
  infection, metabolic diseases
• Post mortem histology

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Alzheimers Histology

• Loss of neurons
• Change in neuronal morphology
• Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein plaques
  (extracellular)
• Cytoskeletal abnormalities (intracellular),
  neurofibrillary tangles

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Normal Aging - T1 axial
Normal Young Adult Brain
Normal 88-yr old Brain
normal
enlarged
Periventricular white matter hyperintensity
Compare ventricular volumes relative to the whole
brain mass
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Alzheimers Disease - T1 coronal
88 yr. old w/ moderately advanced Alzheimers
Disease
Normal

Hippocampal shrinkage
Ventricular enlargement
Cortical shrinkage (increased space around the
brain)
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COMMON BONDS - 800
A disease affecting the following people

• Drew Barrymore
• Mickey Mantle
• Ernest Hemingway
• William Faulkner
• John Steinbeck

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What is Alcoholism?

• SYMPTOMS
• depressed mood
• appetite disturbance
• memory deficits
• psychomotor agitation
• self deprecation

• COMORBIDITY
• mood disorder
• anxiety
• antisocial personality disorder

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Lifetime Prevalence

• ALCOHOL
• 10-20
• 51 malefemale
• 1/10 drinkers develops problem

• OTHER DRUGS
• Marijuana 4
• Stimulants 2
• Sedatives 1
• Heroin 0.7
• Hallucinogens 0.4
• Cocaine 0.2

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Questions about Drug Abuse

• Why certain drugs?
• Reinforcing properties
• Reward pathway in the brain

• Why certain people?
• Genetics
• Personality
• Environment (stress)
• Comorbidity

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POTPOURRI - 200

• The major cell type of the nervous system

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What is the Neuron?

• a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon
  (B), dendrites (D) and a myelin sheath (A)
• message transmission between neurons occurs
  through neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
• learning occurs as connections between neurons
  are strengthened

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POTPOURRI - 400

• The part of the body injured by actor
  Christopher Reeves.

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What is the Spinal Cord?

• When the spinal cord is damaged, information
  travelling along descending motor tracts and
  ascending sensory tracts is blocked.
• Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted from
  the level and location of the lesion in the
  spinal cord.

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Spinal Cord
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Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)The Big Picture

• Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S.
• 11,000 new injuries reported annually
• Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55 of the
  SCI population
• Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities)
  affects 44 of the SCI population

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Causes of SCI in the U.S.

• Vehicular Accidents 40
• Violence 25
• Falls 21
• Diving accidents 10
• Work/Sports Related 4

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Age Distribution of SCI Population

• Approximately 60 of SCI population were injured
  between 15-30 years of age
• Most frequently occurring age is 19 years.
• Male 70
• Female 30
• Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal
  lifespan

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Costs Associated with SCI

• In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCIs were
  reported.
• Estimated lifetime costs associated with these
  SCIs are 10 Billion.
• Individual suffering and loss to society are
  impossible to calculate.

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POTPOURRI - 600

• An immediate muscular response to a specific
  stimulus. Like when the doctor hits your kneecap
  with a hammer.

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What is aReflex?
Tapping a tendon to elicit a contraction of the
muscle can determine the status of the nerve that
supplies that muscle.
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POTPOURRI - 800

• The part of the retina that has no
  photoreceptors. (optic _______ )

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What is the Optic Disc?
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Blind Spot
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WHATS THAT FOR? - 200

• The largest structure of the brain, it is divided
  into two hemispheres and each containing four
  lobes.

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What is the Cerebral Cortex?
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Cerebral Cortex

• Frontal Lobe Motor
• Parietal Lobe Sensory
• Temporal Lobe Hearing, Language
• Occipital Lobe Vision

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WHATS THAT FOR? - 400

• The part of the brain that is composed of the
  midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

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What is the Brain Stem?

• Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing).
• Contains the major ascending and descending
  pathways.
• It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the
  cerebellum, and the spinal cord.
• Contain the cranial nerve nuclei 12 C.N.

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Medulla
Midbrain
Pons
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WHATS THAT FOR? - 600

• A tennis ball-sized structure at the base of the
  brain that is important for coordination of
  movement and balance.

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What is the Cerebellum?

• 2 main functions
• Coordinates skilled voluntary movements by
  influencing muscle activity
• Helps to control equilibrium and muscle tone
  through connections with the vestibular system

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Cerebellum

• When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly from
  tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients exhibit
• Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)
• Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)
• balance
• Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when
  voluntary movements are attempted)

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WHATS THAT FOR? - 800

• The part of the brain that controls HOMEOSTASIS
• Thermoregulation
• Circadian rhythms
• Appetite control
• Stress Response
• Reproduction

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What is the Hypothalamus?

• Fight or Flight Response
• Blood pressure control
• Endocrine Control
• Reproduction
• Stress

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WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 200

• The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin Hoffman
  as Raymond in Rain Man

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What is Autism?

• Developmental Disorder
• Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)
• Impaired social interactions
• Behavior - stereotyped, self injury
• Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)
• Large variability in symptoms
• Not a mental illness

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Autism

• PREVALENCE
• 1/500 children
• 3-4 times more common in boys
• gt1/2 million people in US today
• 3rd most common developmental disorder

• CAUSE
• Not known
• Not psychological
• Genetic link
• Major area of research

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Autistic Savant

• 10 of autistics have spectacular abilities (like
  Rain Mans ability to count the number of
  toothpicks that fell on the floor just by looking
  at the mess for a second).
• Skills like math, music, memory, and art are
  extremely advanced while social skills remain
  impaired.
• less than 1 of non-autistic population has these
  abilities
• underlying changes in brain unknown major area
  of research

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WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 400

• The neuromuscular disease named after an older
  baseball player for the New York Yankees. It is
  fatal and has no known cause or cure.

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What isAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou
Gehrigs disease)?

• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• uncommon
• 4 to 6/100,000
• men and women equally
• age 40-70

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and
  spinal cord
• muscle weakness and atrophy
• doesnt affect intellect, or sensory

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Neurons in ALS
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WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 600
VIDEO DAILY DOUBLE
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The mental disorder depicted by the young man in
this video
Click on the movie window to play or pause. Click
outside the movie when you are ready to see the
answer.
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What is SCHIZOPHRENIA?

• A mental disorder characterized by disturbances
  in thinking, emotional reactions, and social
  behavior, as well as delusions and
  hallucinations.
• Commonly misunderstood as multiple personality
  disorder
• Devastating psychiatric disease that affects 1
  of the population
• 1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted
• Positive symptoms delusions, hallucinations,
  disorganized speech thoughts
• Negative symptoms flattened affect, apathy,
  social withdrawal, poverty of speech

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SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males
  tend to develop the disorder earlier than females
• Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within the
  brain is hypothesized to be the cause of
  schizophrenia
• As you might expect, the most common drugs used
  to treat schizophrenia are dopamine antagonists
  (block dopamine neurotransmission)

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WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 800

• The disease characterized by irrational fear of
  open spaces. Sigourney Weavers character had
  this condition in Copycat.

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What is Agoraphobia?

• Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of having
  an attack in an unsafe place
• PANIC DISORDER sudden, unpredictable onset of
  terror
• people believe they are having a heart attack or
  dying
• average length of attack is 10 minutes

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Phobias

• Specific Phobia (of particular object or
  situation)
• affects 1 in 10 people
• Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social
  situations)
• runs in families, begins in early adolescence
• associated with depression or alcoholism

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