RABIES IN SOUTH ASIA EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

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RABIES IN SOUTH ASIA- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS

• C.K.Singh and B.S. Sandhu
• Rabies Research-cum-Diagnostic Laboratory,
• Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences
  University, Ludhiana , Punjab, INDIA
• rabiesck_at_gmail.com

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Talking from highest prevalence of rabies in
Eurasia

• More than 20,000 human deaths occur every year
• 17.4 million humans are bitten by dogs in India
  every year
• Over Rs. 1200 crores are spent annually on post
  bite vaccination assuming about half of the
  exposed do not get PET
• Over 15 Crores is spent on PET in farm animals

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The Study

• The study was conducted on brain tissues
  collected from a total of 356 animals including
  231 dogs, 79 buffaloes and 46 cows.
• The brain tissues of only those animals that were
  suspected to be suffering from rabies clinically
  were included in this study.

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Impression smear from hippocampus of a rabid dog
showing magenta colored intracellular Negri body
(arrow) in a neuron. Sellers stain x875
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Section of Hippocampus of a rabid dog showing
intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic Negri bodies (
arrows ) in neurons. HE x875
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Incidence in animals

• Suspected Confirmed
• 356 201
• 231 dogs 128 dogs
• 79 buffaloes 44 buffaloes
• 46 cows 29 cows

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Initial Signs of Rabies

• Rabid Dogs
• About half the rabid dogs go off feed show
  change in behavior few exhibit fever. Ocular
  involvement is rare.
• Rabid Cows
• Almost every rabid cow goes off feed and about
  half the rabid cows exhibit fever. Few rabid cows
  exhibit ocular involvement .
• Rabid Buffaloes
• Majority of rabid buffaloes go off feed and more
  than half exhibit fever. Majority of buffaloes
  show ocular involvement .

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Most susceptible Age/Sex

• Incidence in higher in adult dogs (3 Yrs.) and
  pups (Years dogs.
• The higher incidence of rabies in male dogs is
  largely due to their gregarious wandering and
  furious nature especially during breeding season.

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Signs Symptoms -Dogs v/s Bovines

• Only 24 percent rabid dogs show hyper salivation
  that is characteristic for bovines. So,
  Veterinarian need not look for clinical
  hypersalivation while suspecting dog rabies.
• Only 30 rabid dogs show paralysis . Paralysis
  is not necessarily the end sign in dogs.

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Signs Symptoms -Dogs v/s Bovines

• About half of the rabid dogs continue to
  recognize their owner
• Most rabid cows and buffaloes fail to recognize
  their owners

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Signs Symptoms -Dogs v/s Bovines

• More than half (61) of all rabid animals show
  aggressive behavior. Majority of aggressive rabid
  dogs inflict bite wounds to humans and/or other
  animals.
• Aggression of bovines is limited to inflicting
  trauma to themselves. No rabid bovine ever bites
  other animals and/or humans.

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Bovines - SimilarityBellowing in Bovines

• Majority of both cows and buffaloes (66) reveal
  prolonged and prominent fits of loud bellowing

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Bovines - Differences Drooling Saliva -32 v/s
86

• Drooling saliva is often reported as the
  characteristic feature in rabies in bovines
• It was found that hyper salivation was exhibited
  by less than half (32) of rabid buffaloes
• However, hyper salivation was more commonly
  exhibited (86) by rabid cows.

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Bovines - Differences Micturition in Bovines

• Rabid Cows
• Reveal frequent micturition
• Rabid Buffaloes
• Frequent micturition is not common in buffaloes

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Month-wise Incidence

• Increased incidence in dogs was reported during
  January, February, July and November.
• Increased incidence in buffaloes was observed
  during January to March
• Increased incidence in cattle was observed during
  March, April, June, August, October and November

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Major Area of Concern

• 78 of owned rabid dogs were not vaccinated
  prophylactically.
• There is high incidence of rabies in
  owned/community dogs.

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Merci
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Characteristics of rabid dogs
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Characteristics of rabid cows
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Characteristics of rabid buffaloes