East Meets West

1
East Meets West

• The Crusades
• And Mongolians

2
Political Causes

• European Expansionism
• Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes
  pressure on Europe
• Agricultural advances increase food supply
• Battle of Hastings, 1066
• Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087
• Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091

3
Europe 1000-1100
4
Religious Conflict

• Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
• Great Schism, 1064
• Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in
  West to be more attentive to business and
  provides impetus to attempts to reassert control

5
Upheaval in the East

• Events in Moslem World
• Battle of Manzikert, 1071.
• Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
• Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine
  Empire.
• Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

6
Call for a Crusade

• Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095
• Political Objectives of the church
• Drive Turks from Anatolia
• Obligate the Byzantines
• Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on
  Rome's terms
• Capture Holy Land

7
Major Events of Crusades

• I Crusade 1097-1098
• Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
• Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
• Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
  held indefinitely with a little skill.
• Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
• Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

8
Major Events of Crusades

• II Crusade, 1147-1148
• Military failure, discredits Crusaders as
  military threat
• III Crusade, 1189-1191
• Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
• Known as the Kings Crusade
• Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of
  France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
• Saladin on Moslem side.

9
IV Crusade

• IV Crusade, 1199-1204
• Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual
  contempt.
• To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians
• Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
• Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
• In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
  preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

10
V VI Crusades

• V Crusade 1218-1219
• Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
• Moslems agree
• Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed
• VI Crusade 1229
• Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a
  lot of negotiation
• Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the
  other holy cities and a truce of ten years
• He was widely condemned for conducting the
  Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

11
VII VIII Crusades

• VII Crusade 1248-1254
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
• VIII Crusade 1270
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Louis brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily,
  had strategic plans of his own and diverted the
  expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
• The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
  Palestine fell in 1291
• One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

12
Crusades died out

• Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
• Repeated military defeats
• Discredited by "crusades" against Christians

13
Effects of Crusades

• Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Vast increase in cultural horizons for many
  Europeans
• Decrease in serfdom
• Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
• Increased trade throughout Europe
• Cities grew
• Because cities grew influence of the lords
  declined serfs left the manors for the cities
  no longer needed the protection of the knights
  Feudalism was no longer effective
• Role of the Castle changed from protection to
  residence
• Need to transfer large sums of money for troops
  and supplies led to development of banking
  techniques.
• Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
• Romantic and imaginative literature.
• New products

14
Effects of Crusades

• Knowledge introduced to Europe
• Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and
  stone churches.
• Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
• Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
• Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
• Enrichment was primarily from East to
  West--Europe had little to give in return.

15
The Mongols

• Mongol Origins
• The Rise of the Mongol Empire
• The Decline and Fall

16
Organization

• Families--Clans--Tribes--
• Tribes gathered during annual migration
• Chiefs elected. Based on nobility, military
  ability, wisdom, leadership skills
• Religion Shamanism
• Nature deities, but key God is the Sky God
• Sacred color blue

17
Temujin Ghengis Khan

• b. 1167, son of tribal chief
• Father poisonedfled as youth
• Returned as adult, avenged father, Eventually
  chief
• By age forty had unified all Mongol tribes
• Battles, alliances, ability to survive
• Elected as the Great Khan
• Amazing talents along with sons and grandsons

18
Some Questions to consider

• Why did such a remarkable family, gifted and
  competent, arise from such an isolated area at
  this time?
• How did the Mongols, with a total population of
  less than 1.5 million, conqueror such a large
  area and hold it for a century?

19
Mongol Army Tactics

• Organized army in Myriads (10,000s)
• Units within each of 1000, 100, and 10
• Elaborate signals every part can move in concert
  in battle. Flags, hand signals
• Tactics retreat, turn, flank, destroy
• Armaments horsemanship, compound bow
• Reputation created paralyzing fear
• By 1241 reached Poland and Hungary

20
Conquest

• Every man carried their own supplies and had 2
  horses. Ate horse blood and milk
• Thousands of vassals took loyalty oaths became
  commanders, ran army, ran government
• Took walled cities by using Chinese siege
  technology
• Brought Chinese engineers with them
• Conquered most of Asia, Middle East, Russia

21
Creation of Law

• Yasa Monoglian Law Code
• The strength of the Mongolian Empire was in its
  military organization then administrative style
  as it finalized the conquest

22
Genghis Khan

• Mans highest joy is victory to conqueror ones
  enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their
  possessions, to make their beloved weep, and to
  embrace their wives and daughters.

23
The Conquest of China

• Genghis Khan wanted the riches of China
• First secured his back conquered Tibetan State
  of NW China, Manchu State (N)
• Took land all the way to Peking by 1227
• Ghengis Khan died 1227
• Successors reached the Yellow River 1234
• Took all of China by 1241

24
Divisions at Genghis Khans Death

• Four Khanates
• Kipchak Khanate (Golden Hoarde) Russia
• IlKhanate Persia
• Chagatai Khanate Mongolia
• Great Khanate China, Outer Mongolia, Border
  States, to which the others owed allegiance.
  Later became the Yuan Dynasty

25
Territory of the Mongols
26
Kublai Khan

• Grandson of Genghis Khan
• Moved capital to Beijing 1261
• Not north enough to stay in contact with other
  Khanates
• Yet south enough to control most of China
• Conquered the Southern Sung by 1279

27
Building Projects

• Too far from prosperous south to easily collect
  taxes
• Built the Grand Canal to Beijing (Peking)
• Palace of the Khan designed by Arab architects.
• Summer palace Shangtu (Xanadu)
• Where a Mongol can be a Mongol
• Developed hereditary succession

28
Mongolian Rule of China Yuan Dynasty

• Originally, plundered and robbed
• Learned the art of taxation
• Mongols ruling elite Highly centralized
• Emperor--Secretariat-- Roving Secretariat
• Ruling minority segregated
• Majority ranked according to ethnicity
• Trusted foreigners and Mongolians

29
Ethnic Ranking

• Mongols Top military, civilian posts
• Persians, Turks, Non-Chinese nomad stock High
  civil posts
• N. Chinese, border people, Manchurians Next
  highest posts
• S. Chinese Lowest civil posts
• All records and proceedings in Uighur Turkic,
  than translated word by word into Chinese
  (sounded barbaric)

30
Foreign Contact

• Large, multi-ethnic empire facilitated diffusion
• Subject states Persian, Arab, Russian, Turkic
• Goods, art, technology and ideas spread
• Chinese communities found as far west as Moscow
• Printing, gunpowder, medicine diffuse west
• Marco Polo

31
Religion Christianity

• Policy of toleration
• Kublai Khans mother was a Nestorian Christian
• Papal Mission created Peking Archbishop and
  cathedral, complete with Mongol and Turkic sermon
  and Mongol choir boys
• Wanted 100 learned Catholics to be sent by the
  Pope

32
Buddhism and Islam in China

• Tibetan Buddhism gained 500,000 converts
• Islam gained many converts. A mosque was built in
  a new Islamic quarter of Peking and others built
  in SW China
• Confucianism survived Considered a tax free
  religion. No real influence at court
• Most of China in the South remained unchanged

33
Decline and Fall

• Yuan Dynasty Shortest lived major Chinese
  dynasty (1264-1368)
• By the death of Kublai Khans son, series of weak
  rulers
• The Khanates lose cohesion due to religious and
  cultural differences
• Yuan Dynasty becomes more isolated

34
Decline

• Chinese never really accepted as legitimate
• Succession wars between heirs and generals
• High Taxes, Corrupt officials
• Paper money controversy
• Yellow River changed course and flooded Grand
  Canal among other natural disasters
• Decentralization Rise of Warlords
• Last Khan fled to Mongolia in 1368

35
Results

• Results of their conquest
• Nomadic peoples became sedentary
• Opened former trade routes and established new
  ones
• Fostered an interest in goods from the east
• Stimulated trade and exploration

36
The Hundred Years War

• Between trade consortiums of Western Europe over
  the rich economic areas of Flanders
• Between English and French over territory still
  governed by English on French soil
• Joan of Arc
• Joan is victorious at Orleans (1429)
• Joan provided inspiration and national unity
• Capture, trial and execution of Joan of Arc
• The masculinity of Joans dress and bearing

37
II. The Hundred Years War (cont)

• Gunpowder warfare is introduced into Europe
• Development of the English Parliament
• Peasants and non-nobles constituted a new infantry

38
Hundred Years War

• Superiority of mounted knight undermined by new
  weapons
• Increased nationalism
• Centralization of French monarchy
• Destruction of peasant farmland
• English clothing industry emerges