Audio

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Audio
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Basic Audio System
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Microphones

• Pick-up Pattern
• Element Type
• Impedance

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Omnidirectional

• all directions
• 360 degrees
• placed in center of a round balloon

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Unidirectional

• one direction
• megaphone
• Super-directional very narrow pick-up pattern
• Shot gun mic

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Unidirectional

• parabolic reflector
• used along the sidelines in football games

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Cardioid

• heart shaped pattern

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Bi-directional

• two directions
• megaphone on each side

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Element Type

• material that picks up the sound waves

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CeramicandCrystal

• clay or crystal
• inexpensive
• deteriorates with time
• breaks get a new one

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Dynamic

• electromagnet
• inexpensive to very expensive
• excellent quality
• retain quality

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Ribbon

• corrugated aluminum
• delicate
• often used in bi-directional mics

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Condenser

• condenser
• excellent quality
• very sensitive

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Impedance

• resistance

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Impedance

• Hi - 10k ? 25 cord maximum
• Lo - 150 ? any length

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Must Match the Impedance

• Hi - - Hi
• Lo - - Lo

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What if

• Hi - - Lo

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• Hi - - Lo

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What if

• Lo - - Hi

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• Lo - - Hi

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Matching Transformer

• electronic device to convert impedance

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Dual Impedance

• control to switch impedance

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What would you buy?

• Pick-up pattern?
• Element type?
• Impedance?

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Ways to damage microphones?
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What is Feedback?
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What is Feedback?

• sound is continually fed from speaker to mic

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How do you stop feedback from occurring?

• place the mic behind the speaker

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Amplifiers

• Pre amplifier
• Power amplifier
• Integrated amplifier

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Integrated Amplifiers

• Pre amplifier
• Power amplifier

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Receiver

• Pre amplifier
• Power amplifier
• Tuner

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Speakers

• Listen
• Choose

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Receiver Speaker(s)

• Radio

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Turntable Integrated Amp Speaker(s)

• Record Player

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Tape Deck Integrated Amp Speaker(s)

• Tape Player (Recorder)

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CD Deck Integrated Amp Speaker(s)

• CD Player

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Turntables

• Cartridges ceramic magnetic
• Needles 78 rpm LP

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78 needle LP record
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78 needle LP record
78 needle 78 record
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78 needle LP record
78 needle 78 record
LP needle 78 record
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78 needle LP record
78 needle 78 record
LP needle 78 record
LP needle LP record
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Advantages of Phonographs

• Good frequency response
• Quality
• Easy cueing

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Disadvantages of Phonographs

• Records arent made much anymore
• Scratch
• Warp
• Cant make locally
• Storage

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Tape Players (Recorders)
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Tape Players (Recorders)

• Tape path

Supply
Take-up
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Tape Players (Recorders)
Supply
Take-up
Guide Rollers
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Tape Players (Recorders)
Supply
Take-up
Guide Rollers
Capstan
Pressure Roller
Motor
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Tape Players (Recorders)
Supply
Take-up
Guide Rollers
Capstan
P
Pressure Roller
Motor
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Tape Players (Recorders)
Supply
Take-up
Guide Rollers
Capstan
E
R/P
Pressure Roller
Motor
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Tape Players (Recorders)
Supply
Take-up
Guide Rollers
Capstan
E
P
R
Pressure Roller
Motor
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Reel to Reel Tape
Full track monaural
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Reel to Reel Tape
Full track monaural
Half track monaural
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Reel to Reel Tape
Full track monaural
Half track monaural
Quarter track monaural
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Reel to Reel Tape
Half track stereo
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Reel to Reel Tape
Half track stereo
Quarter track stereo
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Cassette Tape
Monaural
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Cassette Tape
Monaural
Stereo
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Eight Track Stereo

• Continuous loop tape

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Eight Track Stereo
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Eight Track Stereo
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Eight Track Stereo
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Eight Track Stereo
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Advantages of Tape

• Local production
• Erase and reuse
• Compact (cassettes)
• Easy to use
• Prevent accidental erasure (cassettes)
• Easy to store (cassettes)

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Disadvantages of Tape

• Difficult to cue
• Accidental erasure (reel-to-reel)
• Noise and hiss (Dolby)
• Difficult to repair

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AUDIO CD

• 4.7 in diameter
• 1.2 mm thick
• center hole 15mm in diameter

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AUDIO CD

• Thickest layer transparent acrylic
• Middle layer aluminized reflecting signal
  surface
• Thin lacquer coating and label

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AUDIO CD

• Pits
• Lands
• Laser

land
land
land
land
pit
pit
pit
pit
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Types of CDs

• True digital DDD
• Reprocessed AAD
• Digitally enhanced ADD

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Advantages of CDs

• Can produce locally
• Superior sound
• Excellent frequency response
• Easy to cue
• Easy to store
• Not easily damaged
• Easy to handle

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Disadvantages of CDs

• Sound harsh, not mellow
• Expensive
• Difficult to cue long musical works
• Theft
• Dynamic range 90-100 dB
• Musicians may feel pressured into being
  technically perfect

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MP3

• MPEG-I Audio Layer III
• CD quality audio
• 121 compression ratio

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Apple iPod

• Lighter than two CDs (5.6 oz)
• 10, 20 or 40 GB
• Holds up to 10,000 songs
• Other features too

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AUDIO CARD
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AUDIO CARD
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AUDIO CARD

• Sound with visual

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AUDIO CARD
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Advantages of Audio Cards

• Sound with visual
• Record and compare
• Individual use
• Participation

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Disadvantages of Audio Cards

• Less than 8 seconds of sound
• Time consuming preparation
• Can do the same thing with computers

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Variable Speech Control
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Hearing - Listening Process
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Hearing - Listening Process

• Encoding

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Hearing - Listening Process

• Encoding
• Hearing

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Hearing - Listening Process

• Encoding
• Hearing
• Listening

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Hearing - Listening Process

• Encoding
• Hearing
• Listening
• Decoding

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Hearing - Listening Process

• Encoding
• Hearing
• Listening
• Decoding

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Advantages of Audio (in general)

• Inexpensive
• Available
• Simple to use
• Portable
• Local production

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Disadvantages of Audio (in general)

• Fixed sequence
• People arent good listeners
• Time consuming production
• Storage
• Retrieval