Mood Disorders

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Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders

• A category of mental disorders in which
  significant and chronic disruption in mood is the
  predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive,
  behavioral, and physical functioning
• Major depression
• Dysthymic disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder

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Mood Disorders

• Play Mood Disorders Major Depression and
  Bipolar Disorder (445) Segment 38 from
  Psychology The Human Experience.
• IF Time allows this is a good preview to the
  different types of Mood Disorders.

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Major Depression

• A mood disorder characterized by extreme and
  persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness
  and hopelessness

• Prolonged, very severe symptoms
• Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks
• Global negativity and pessimism
• Very low self-esteem

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Symptoms of Major DepressionMust Exhibit for 2
Weeks or Longer

• Emotionalsadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning
  away from others
• Behavioraltearfulness, dejected facial
  expression, loss of interest in normal
  activities, slowed movements and gestures,
  withdrawal from social activities
• Cognitivedifficulty thinking and concentrating,
  global negativity, preoccupation with
  death/suicide
• Physicalappetite and weight changes, excess or
  diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety,
  restlessness

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Prevalence and Courseof Major Depression

• Most common of psychological disorders. It
  affects about 12 million Americans annually.
• Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed
  with major depression
• Untreated episodes can become recurring and more
  serious
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)onset with
  changing seasons

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Self-Rating Depression Scale
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Scoring Your Self-Rating Depression Scale

• Reverse Your responses (15, 24, 33, 42, 51)
  to items 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20
• Now add up all your numbers (including the new
  reversed scores) to find you total score.
• Range of total scores will be 20 to 80.
• Scores of 50-59 suggest mild to moderate
  depression
• Scores of 60-69 indicate moderate to severe
  depression
• Scores 70 and above indicate severe depression.

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Dysthymic Disorder

• Similar to major depressive disorder but less
  severe and shorter in duration
• Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings that are
  not severe enough to be major depression
• May develop in response to trauma, but does not
  decrease with time
• Some people with dysthymic disorder experience
  double depression, characterized by one or more
  episodes of major depression on top of their
  ongoing dysthymia.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder

• Cyclic severe depression and elevated mood
• Seasonal regularity
• Unique cluster of symptoms
• intense hunger
• gain weight in winter
• sleep more than usual
• depressed more in evening than morning

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Bipolar Disorder

• A mood disorder in which the person alternates
  between the hopelessness of depression and the
  overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of
  mania
• Used to be called manic-depressive disorder
• Many times will follow a cyclical pattern

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Bipolar Disorders

• Cyclic disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
• Mood levels swing from severe depression to
  extreme euphoria (mania)
• No regular relationship to time of year (SAD)
• Must have at least one manic episode

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Mania

• Period of abnormally high emotion and activity
• Supreme self-confidence - delusional
• Grandiose ideas and movements too many goals in
  too little time
• Flight of ideas rapid and loosely shifting
  thoughts that jump from topic to topic.

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Depression

• Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and
  drained of energy

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Mania and Depression

• Play Mood Disorders Mania and Depression
  (734) Segment 31 from The Mind Psychology
  Teaching Modules (2nd edition).
• Shows person with BiPolar, Major Depression and
  group therapy.

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Cyclothymic Disorder

• Cyclothymicmood disorder characterized by
  moderate but frequent mood swings that are not
  severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder

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Prevalence and Course of Bipolar Disorder

• Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties)
• Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression
• No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder
• Affects about 2 million Americans annually.
• Commonly recurs every few years
• A small percentage of people with the disorder
  display rapid cycling, experiencing four or more
  manic or depressive episodes every year.
• Can often be controlled by medication (lithium)

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Biological Factors

• Mood disorders have a hereditary nature to them.
• Depressed individuals tend to have depressed
  brains.
• PET scans indicate less activity during periods
  of depression.

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Ups Downs of Bipolar Disorder
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with the patient's emotional
switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly
consumes glucose. Blue areas are low areas of
activity.
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Explaining Mood Disorders

• Neurotransmitter theories
• dopamine
• norepinephrine
• Serotonin
• Antidepressants increase the availability of
  norepinephrine and serotonin.
• They relieve the symptoms of major depression in
  about 80 of the people who take them
• Lithium has been used to treat bipolar disorder
  and to prevent its recurrence. It appears to
  regulate the availability of the neurotransmitter
  glutamate.
• Genetic component
• more closely related people show similar
  histories of mood disorders

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Heredity and Depression

• Play Mood Disorders Hereditary Factors (611)
  Segment 32 from The Mind Psychology Teaching
  Modules (2nd edition). IF TIME ALLOWS
• Study of Amish people and the prevalence of
  depression within the Amish community.
• Looks at identifying the gene that triggers
  depression.

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The Role of Stress Genetics
Effect of stress was greater for those who were
more genetically predisposed for depression
(based on the status of their twin sisters, as
shown in the key) than for those who were less
genetically predisposed. (Adapted from Kendler
others, 1995)
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Cognitive Bases for Depression

• A.T. Beck depressed people hold pessimistic
  views of
• themselves
• the world
• the future
• Depressed people distort their experiences in
  negative ways
• exaggerate bad experiences
• minimize good experiences

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Cognitive Bases for Depression

• Hopelessness theory
• depression results from a pattern of thinking
• person loses hope that life will get better
• negative experiences are due to stable, global
  reasons
• e.g., I didnt get the job because Im stupid
  and inept vs. I didnt get the job because the
  interview didnt go well

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Negative Automatic ThoughtsFinding Your Score

• Add up your total score.
• Scores will fall from 30 (no depression) to 150
  (maximum depression).
• Mean (average) score is 79.6 for depressed people
  and 48.6 for nondepressed people.
• This test looks for specific measures of
  depression
• Personal dissatisfaction desire for change
  (items 14 20)
• Negative Expectations (items 3 24)
• Low Self-Esteem (items 17 18)
• Helplessness (items 29 30)

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Social-Cognitive Factors

• Depression may be a variation of learned
  helplessness.
• Depressed individuals attribute events using the
  following characteristics
• Stable the bad situation will last for a long
  time
• Internal they are at fault
• Global all of life is bad

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Attributions
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Attributions
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Attributions
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Attributions
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Explanatory Style and Depression
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Situational Bases for Depression

• Positive correlation between stressful life
  events and onset of depression
• Does life stress cause depression?
• Most depressogenic life events are losses
• spouse or companion
• long-term job
• health
• income

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Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Depression
Seriously depressed moods result from a
combination of factors, which affect each other.
Altering any one component can alter the others.
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Depressions Vicious Cycle
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SUICIDE
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Facts on Suicide Quiz
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Answers to Suicide Facts Quiz

• True items 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17
• False items 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18

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Who Commits Suicide?

• Each year 500,000 people require emergency room
  treatment as a result of a suicide attempt.
• Suicide took the lives of 30,622 people in 2001
• Suicide is the third leading cause of death among
  young people ages 15 to 24.
• Twice as many Americans die each year from
  suicide than from homicide.
• Women outnumber men 3 to 1 in suicide attempts
• Men outnumber women 4 to 1 in suicide deaths
• Suicide rate has increased by over 300 over the
  last four decades
• Highest suicide rate occurs in those over age 75.

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Why do people attempt suicide?

• To escape the pain of a chronic illness or the
  slow, agonizing death of a terminal disease.
• Feelings of hopelessness, depression, guilt,
  rejection, failure, humiliation, or shame.

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Risk Factors Associated with Suicidal Behavior

• Recent relationship problems or lack of
  significant relationships
• Poor coping and problem solving skills
• Poor impulse control and impaired judgment
• Rigid thinking or irrational beliefs
• Having another major psychological disorder
• Alcohol or Substance Abuse
• Childhood physical or sexual abuse
• Prior self-destructive behavior or a family
  history of suicide.
• Presence of a firearm in the house

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Suggestions for Helping Someone Feeling Hopeless
Suicidal

• Actively listen as the person talks and vents
  his/her feelings
• Dont deny or minimize the persons suicidal
  intentions
• Identify other potential solutions
• Ask the person to delay their decision
• Encourage the person to seek professional help.
• To access more information on suicide prevention
  please click HERE.