DCO11611 Aviation Operations

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DCO11611Aviation Operations
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Dr. Joseph Chan email dcjcchan_at_cityu.edu.hk
http//personal.cityu.edu.hk/dcjcchanOffice
P6821 Main Campus Phone [phone]
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Consultation Hours (at Telford)Monday 330
430 pmTuesday 230 330 pm During these
hours you can call me at phone [phone]and I
can meet you at the counter
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Assessments Final Exam 70 Course Work
30 Mid-term Quiz Lab Exercises
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What is this Course About?

• The basic structures and functions of airplane
  components
• The aerodynamics of flying
• Equipments of a modern plane
• Navigation and communications processes
• Flight regulations and laws
• Meteorology that affects safe flying
• Human physiology and psychology that affects safe
  flying
• Similar to Private Pilot License (PPL) Exam

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Cathay Pacific Aircadets Training Program

• Structures of airplanes
• Aerodynamics
• Principles of aviation wireless communication
• Aviation Navigation
• Aviation Meteorology
• Principles of Aviation Planning
• (Australian) Aviation Laws and Regulations
• Aviation Physiology

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My academic background

• BSc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. Candidacy in Physics
• M.Engr. in Electrical and Computer Engineering
  
• Ph.D. in Neuroscience (Physiological Psychology)

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Flight Training Programs in HK

• Cathay Aircadets Training Program
• www.aircadets.org.hk/plttrg_e.html
• Hong Kong Aviation Club
• http//www.hkaviationclub.com.hk/
• Dragonair
• http//www.dragonair.com/icms/servlet/template?ser
  ies59langbig5

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Textbooks for the course

• Jeppesen. Private Pilot Manual. Sanderson
  Training Products.
• (Manual for PPL License Exam, but expensive
  U.S. 80).
• Kroes and Rardon. Aircraft Basic Science (7th
  ed.). McGraw-Hill International Edition. 1993.
• (Good for the fundamental principles)

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• Lecture 1
• Jeppesen. Chapters 1, 2

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Human efforts to try to fly Milestones (1)

• 1783 First manned flight in history hot air
  balloon rose near Paris
• 1881 Two German brothers flew with a
  heavier-than-air machine glider from a
  hill
• 1903 Wright brothers achieved the first
  powered, sustained and controlled airplane
  flight in U.S.
• 1927 First trans-continental flight from New
  York to Paris in 33 hours, 30 minutes and
  29.8 seconds
• 1932 First woman to pilot an airplane solo
  across the Atlantic Ocean

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Human efforts to try to fly Milestones (2)

• 1939 First turbojet in the world in Germany
• 1942 First turbojet in the U.S.
• 1947 First super-sonic flight 700 mph at
  42,000 feet
• 1961 First manned spaceship from Russia
• 1969 First man on the moon
• 1986 First non-stop-without-refueling flight
  around the world. Took 9 days, 3 minutes,
  and 44 seconds. The 7,011.5 pounds of fuel was
  72.3 of the airplanes gross weight
• 2003 Chinas first manned spaceship

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Basic components of airplane

• All planes basically have the same structural
  components
• Fuselage
• Wings
• Power plant
• Landing gear
• Empennage

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Basic components of airplane
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Basic Components of Airplane
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The fuselage

• Cockpit control of the plane
• Cabin contains seats of passengers
• Room for cargo
• Attachment points for other major airplane
  components
• Fuselage in early planes used open truss
  structure. Modern planes uses stressed skin,
  known as
• monocogue no supporting truss, for light planes
  
• semi-monocoque - has truss members for support

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The fuselage Fig 2-3 Open Truss
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The fuselage Fig 2-4 Semi-monocoque
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The Wings

• When air flows around the wings of a plane it
  generates a lifting force
• Wing are designed to maximize this lift
• Monoplanes have one set of wings. Biplanes have
  two sets. Fig 2-4
• Monoplanes wings can be attached to the top of
  the fuselage (high-wing), to the middle
  (mid-wing), or the lower portion (low-wing).

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Monoplane and Biplanes Fig 2-4
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The Wings

• Attached to the rear edge of each wing are two
  types of control surfaces called aileron and flap
  respectfully
• Ailerons extend from about the mid-point of the
  wings to near the tips.
• Ailerons of the two wings moves up and down in
  opposite directions to create aerodynamic forces
  that cause the plane to turn.
• When the wheel is turned left the left aileron
  moves up and the right moves down. The plane
  then turns left.

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The Wings

• The flap extends from the side of the fuselage to
  about the mid-point of each wing.
• In normal flight the flap is parallel to the
  surface of the wings surface.
• The flaps move simultaneously downwards to
  increase the lifting force of the wings during
  takeoffs and landing.
• Flaps are controlled by a switch or a handle in
  the cockpit.

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The Empennage

• The empennage is the tail of the plane. It
  consists of the horizontal stabilizer and the
  vertical stabilizer, (the vertical stabilizer is
  also referred to as the fin).
• These two stabilizers help the plane to maintain
  a straight path through the air
• The empennage also consists of the rudder which
  is attached to the back of the vertical
  stabilizer
• Also, an elevator is attached to the back of the
  horizontal stabilizer (Fig 2-7)

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The Empennage Fig 2-7
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The Empennage - Rudder

• The rudder helps to move the nose of the plane to
  left or right
• It is used together with the ailerons to turn the
  plane
• The rudder is controlled by the pilots feet with
  pedals. The left pedal moves the rudder to the
  left and helps turn the plane to the left. The
  right pedal turns the plane to the right.

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The Empennage - Elevator

• An elevator is attached to the back of the
  horizontal stabilizer
• The elevator is used to move the planes nose up
  and down during flight, directing the plane to go
  higher or lower
• The elevator is controlled by the wheel. When
  the pilot pulls the wheel back, the elevator and
  the nose move up. When the pilot pushes the
  wheel down, the elevator and the nose move down.

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The Empennage - Stabilator

• Some planes combine the horizontal stabilizer and
  the elevators into one piece called the
  stabilator.
• The stabilator is hinged up and down at a center
  point.
• When the control wheel is pulled back, the
  stabilator and the nose move up. When the wheel
  is pushed down, the stabilator and the nose move
  down.

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The Empennage Trim Devices

• Some planes use small pieces of surfaces attached
  to the control surfaces mentioned above. These
  are generally called trim devices. (Fig 2-10)
• Trim devices exploit aerodynamic force of the air
  to adjust the workload needed to move the other
  control surfaces or to maintain those surfaces at
  a desired position.

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Trim Devices Fig 2-10
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The Empennage Trim Devices

• An example of trim devices is the trim tab which
  is attached at the tail edge of the elevator and
  is commonly used in many training planes. It
  lessens the air resistance the pilot feels when
  moving the elevator.
• Another example is the trim used in a stabilator
  to provide more resistant feel so that the
  control feels more like that of an elevator.

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Landing Gear

• The landing gear absorbs the shock upon landing
  and supports the plane on the ground.
• Typically the landing gear consists of three
  wheels two main wheels on either side of the
  fuselage, and a third wheel either at the front
  or at the rear. Landing gear using a rear wheel
  is called a conventional landing gear and a plane
  using conventional landing gear is called a
  tailwheel airplane. (Fig 2-11)

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Tailwheel airplane 2-11
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Landing Gear - Nosewheel

• When the third wheel is located at the front it
  is called a nosewheel. Most modern plane uses
  this design. (Fig 2-12)
• Nosewheels are either steerable or castering.
• Steerable nosewheels are connected to the rudder
  through cables and rods while castering
  nosewheels are not.

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Nosewheel airplane 2-12
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Landing Gear - nosewheels

• The pilot steers the plane using the rudder
  pedals in both types of nosewheels.
• If the nosewheel is of the steerable type,
  pushing the left rudder forward will turn that
  wheel to the left, thus turning the plane left
  while taxiing
• If the nosewheel is of the castering type the
  pilot may have to combine the use of the rudder
  pedals with independent use of the brakes
  (pushing the rudder downwards) on the main
  wheels, particularly on tight turns.

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Landing Gear Fixed or Retractable

• Landing gears can be classified as either fixed
  or retractable depending whether the landing gear
  can be retracted or not.
• Fixed gear always remains extended.
• The advantage is simplicity and low cost.
• The disadvantage is having more air resistance.
• Retractable gear is designed to streamline the
  airplane to reduce friction.
• The disadvantage is increased weight and cost.
  It is normally used only in high performance
  planes.

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Landing Gear Water Operation

• Long time ago, before runways were available,
  planes took off and descended over water.
• Nowadays many landplanes are still fitted with
  twin floats that support them on water for use in
  remote areas where runways or even long strip of
  land are not available. These type of airplanes
  are referred to as seaplanes.

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Landing Gear Water Operation

• Some airplanes can be operated both on land and
  on sea, and are called an amphibian.
• Amphibian planes have the fuselage designed like
  a boat, with floats attached to the wings to
  increase support during water operations. They
  use retractable wheels for land operations.

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Landing Gear Struts

• The wheels are attached to the fuselage through
  struts, which reduce the sudden shocks during
  landing or taxiing on rough grounds.
• Spring steel and bungee struts do not actually
  absorb shocks but reduce their suddenness. (Fig.
  2-14)
• Most planes nowadays use oleo struts which are
  true shock absorbers.
• An oleo strut uses a piston enclosed in a
  cylinder with oil and compressed air to absorb
  the shock. (Fig. 2-15)

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Struts spring steel bungee (2-14)
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Struts Oleo absorber (2-15)
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Brakes

• Typical training planes use disc brakes on the
  main wheels
• Equal pressure can be applied to the two brakes
  simultaneously by pressing (downwards) equally on
  the top of each rudder pedal, in order to slow
  down the plane in a straight line.
• The brakes can also be applied to varying degrees
  independent of each other. This would help steer
  the plane during ground operation. This
  technique is called differential braking.

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The Powerplant

• In small planes the powerplant consists of the
  engine and the propeller.
• The engine provides the power to turn the
  propeller, which in turn, provides the thrust to
  move the plane through the air.
• The engine is enclosed by a cowling, which, in
  addition to provide streamlining for the nose,
  helps cool the engine by ducting outside air
  around the engine cylinders. (Fig. 2-18)

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A cowling (opening) is seen behind the propeller
(2-18)
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POH, AFM, and PIM

• Most of the pertinent information about a
  particular plane in contained by the Pilots
  Operation Handbook (POH) provided by the planes
  manufacturer. The format of POH for all planes
  are standardized.
• The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
  requires that all planes built after March 1,
  1979 be equipped with an FAA approved airplane
  flight manual (AFM) which is specifically
  assigned to the individual airplane.
• The FAA requires that the AFM for each plane be
  accessible by the pilot all the time when
  operating that plane.

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POH, AFM, and PIM

• To compile with the FAAs requirement
  manufacturers then write their POH just like the
  AFM.
• The POH/AFM has to stay with the plane all the
  time during operation and is therefore not
  available to others to review for a lengthy
  period of time. As a result the manufacturer
  also publish a pilots information manual (PIM).
• The PIM contains the same information as the
  POH/AFM except for precise weight and balance
  data and optional equipment specific to the
  particular plane.

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Contents of AFM 10 Sections

• General basic information terminology
• Limitations includes operating limitations
• Emergency procedures
• Normal procedures
• Performance
• Weight and balance
• Airplane and system description
• Handling, Service and maintenance
• Supplements
• Safety and operational tips

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Summary

• An airplane generally contains the following
• Fuselage
• Wings
• Empennage
• Landing gear
• Powerplant
• Airplane flight manual (AFM)