Chapter Seven

1
Chapter Seven

• Supporting Your Ideas

2
Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking

• Supporting materials The materials used to
  support a speakers ideas. The three major kinds
  of supporting materials are examples, statistics,
  and testimony.
• The skillful use of supporting materials often
  makes the difference between a poor speech and a
  good one.
• You must decide which ideas need to be supported
  given your audience, topic, and specific purpose.
• You must evaluate your supporting materials to
  make sure they really do back up your ideas.

3
Examples

• Brief Examples A specific case referred to in
  passing to illustrate a point.
• Extended Examples A story, narrative, or
  anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a
  point.
• Hypothetical Examples An example that describes
  an imaginary or fictitious situation.

4
Tips for Using Examples

• Use Examples to Clarify Your Ideas
• Examples put abstract ideas into concrete terms
  that listeners can easily understand. (Teachers)
• Use imagery that your audience can visualize.
  (Golden Gate Bridge/Brooklyn Bridge)
• Use Examples to Reinforce Your Ideas
• Make sure your examples are representative-that
  they do not deal with unusual or exceptional
  cases.
• Your listeners are sure to feel betrayed if they
  suspect you have chosen an atypical example to
  prove a general point.

5
Tips for Using Examples

• Use Examples to Personalize Your Ideas
• People are interested in people.
• Whenever you talk to a general audience, you can
  include examples that will add human interest to
  your speech.
• Practice Delivery to Enhance Your Extended
  Examples
• An extended example is just like a story, and the
  impact of your story will depend as much on
  delivery as on content.
• Speak faster here to create a sense of action,
  slower there to build suspense. Raise your voice
  is some places, lower it in others. Pause
  occasionally for dramatic effect.

6
Statistics

• Statistics-Numerical data.
• Statistics make the speakers claim credible and
  specific.
• Why do we feel more secure in our knowledge when
  we can express it numerically?

7
Are Statistical Measures Used Correctly?

• The mean- popularly called the average, it is
  determined by summing all of the items in a group
  and dividing by the number of items.
• The median- is the middle figure in a group once
  the figures are put in order from highest to
  lowest.
• The mode- is the number that occurs most
  frequently in a group of numbers.

8
Are the Statistics from a Reliable Source?

• As a speaker you must be aware of possible bias
  in the use of numbers.
• Since statistics can be interpreted so many ways
  and put to so many uses, you should seek figures
  gathered by objective, nonpartisan sources.
• Which source is more reliable to estimate the
  environmental dangers of toxic waste in a
  landfill- one from the U.S. Environmental
  Protection Agency or one compiled by the company
  that owns the landfill?

9
Tips for Using Statistics

• Use Your Statistics to Quantify your Ideas
• Research has shown that the impact of examples is
  greatly enhanced when they are followed by
  statistics that show the examples to be typical.
• Example (p.180)
• Use Statistics Sparingly
• Dont clutter your presentation with numbers from
  beginning to end- boring!
• Insert statistics only when they are needed, and
  make them easy to grasp.

10
Tips for Using Statistics (Continued)

• Identify the Sources of Your Statistics
• Figures are easy to manipulate, that is why
  careful listeners keep an ear out for the sources
  of a speakers statistics.
• Explain Your Statistics
• Statistics dont speak for themselves, they need
  to be interpreted and related to your listeners.
• Whenever you use statistics in your speeches,
  think of how you can make them meaningful to your
  audience. (Very important step)

11
Testimony

• Testimony-Quotation or paraphrases used to
  support a point.
• Just as you are likely to be swayed by your
  friends recommendation about which class to
  take, so audiences tend to respect the opinions
  of people who have special knowledge or expertise
  on the topic at hand.
• Expert Testimony
• Testimony from people are recognized experts in
  their fields.
• Citing views of people who are experts is a good
  way to lend credibility to your speeches. It
  shows that you are not just mouthing your
  opinions, but that your position is supported by
  people who are knowledgeable about the topic.

12
Testimony (Continued)

• Peer Testimony-testimony from ordinary people
  with first hand experience or insight on a topic.
• Peer testimony is especially valuable because it
  gives a more personal viewpoint on issues than
  can be gained from expert testimony.
• Peer testimony conveys the feelings, the
  knowledge, the insight of people who speak with
  the voice of genuine experience.

13
Quoting Versus Paraphrasing

• Direct quotation- testimony that is presented
  word for word.
• Paraphrase- to restate or summarize a sources
  ideas in ones own words.
• Quotations are most effective when they are
  brief, when they convey your meaning better than
  you can, and when they are compelling.
• Paraphrasing is better than direct quotation, in
  two situations 1) when wording of a quotation is
  obscure as in government documents 2) when
  quotation is longer than two or three sentences.
  Audiences often tune out partway through lengthy
  quotation, which tend to interrupt the flow of
  speakers ideas.

14
Tips for Using Testimony

• Quote or Paraphrase Accurately
• Accurate quotation involves three things making
  sure you do not misquote someone making sure you
  do not violate the meaning of statements you
  paraphrase making sure you do not quote out of
  context.
• Quote out of context- quoting a statement in such
  a way as to distort its meanings by removing the
  statement from the words and phrases surrounding
  it.

15
Tips for Using Testimony (Continued)

• Use Testimony from Qualified Sources
• Listeners will find your speeches much more
  credible, if you use testimony from sources
  qualified on the subject at hand.
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