Early Recovery Needs Assessment ERNA

1
Early Recovery Needs Assessment (ERNA)

• 25th March 5th April 2008

2
Goal

• To contribute to the larger effort by GoK and
  other actors on recovery and restoration of
  normalcy in areas affected by the recent PEV
  through an assessment of the social and economic
  conditions, damage and loss patterns and local
  capacities.

3
Objectives

• To present an overview of the situation with
  regards to Early Recovery and Food Security
  testing the relevance of the Strategic Framework.
• Feed into the ERFS Work Plan
• To assess local capacities and identify gaps and
  opportunities.
• Finding synergies with the Government of Kenya
  recovery strategy and Donors intentions.

4
Expected Outputs

• A comprehensive report with recommendations to be
  shared with cluster members, Kenya IASC, Donors
  and Government
• A database
• Provide guidance for streamlining ERNA to Cluster
  members and partners

5
Assessment Principles Methodology

• Inter-agency process/inclusiveness
• FGDs with local authorities humanitarian
  agencies civil society representative IDP reps
  and local communities
• A structured checklist for relevant sectors
• Key informant interviews
• Primary and secondary data
• Daily wrap-up team meetings
• End of mission team wrap-up meeting
• IASC Needs Analysis Framework (NAF)
• Various qualitative and quantitative analytical
  tools

6
Limitations

• Late commencement should have began earlier
• Late communication made it difficult for some
  key agencies to participate in the mission
• Inability to establish the inaccuracy of provided
  information/data
• Less participation of CSO and UN agencies in some
  areas in the field

7
1.Peacebuilding Reconciliation
FINDINGS

• Ethnic Relations
• Ethnic tension is still high in most of the areas
• Anger is boiling under- no chance to spit out
• Perpetrators not done with their enemies, and
  victims nursing revenge even taunting hosts

8

• Issue of return to ancestral land being excuse
  for not welcoming IDPs
• Government officials still in denial of the
  problem
• Reports of armament and training firearm handling
  e.g. Molo, Cherangany, Uasin Gishu (Turbo),
  Laikipia West

9

• Peace Structures
• PDCs lacking in most of the affected districts
• DMC/Humanitarian committees established thro
  government directive
• Not adequately facilitated since they do not fall
  within the PDC ambit
• Active in areas where the local administrators
  have taken a personal initiative e.g. Laikipia
  West, Sotik, Lugari, Trans Nzoia
• NSC National body charged with peacebuilding
  lacking in capacity and legal framework (e.g.
  policy etc)

10

• CSOs doing most of the peacebuilding work
• Inter-agency peace initiatives e.g. Kisumu, Kisii
• Some lack credibility and legitimacy (on ethnic
  lines) e.g. Eldoret and Central Rift case
• Laikipia Small SHG leading in peace-building
• Lack of resources, capacities, mediation options
  monitoring.
• Local Authorities Local Councils committing
  resources to community dialogues e.g. Rumuruti
  Town Council, Eldoret Municipal Council
• Private sector e.g. Eldoret Chamber of
  Commerce, Naivasha Flower farms

11
Psychosocial Trauma

• A major issue in most IDP camps
• Issues of identification of affected esp. those
  who dont exhibit signs
• Questions about the competence of those who
  deliver the service
• Time of counseling e.g. Ekerenyo
• Integrated IDPs not benefitting
• KRCS camp management role
• Service not extended to warriors
• Incorporation of civil servants

12
2. Governance and Rule of Law

• Displaced Civil Servants
• Effect on service delivery e.g. veterinary
  services in Burnt Forest, Kipkelion, Uasin Gishu
• Chiefs affected in Trans Nzoia, Bomet, Molo areas
• Disruption of agricultural extension services
  other programmes e.g. Laikipia West

13

• Capacity for maintenance of law and order
• Violence presented a major challenge to the rule
  of law
• Lack of adequate security personnel - ratio
• Inexperience in handling such magnitude of ethnic
  conflict
• Outright partisanship
• Subscribing to the ancestral land dogma
• Protecting salient interests
• Existence of community war machines

14
Local economy in trouble

• Food stocks lost or sold during the crisis
• Poor prospects for the coming agricultural season
• Development initiative disrupted
• Defaulter of loans, flow of Money reduced.
• Value chain (Dairy, fishing, cotton, sugar
  industries) seriously disrupted at all level
  inputs provision, destruction of production of
  assets and livestock, transport, informal
  retailers.
• Market upset,
• Drop down of the purchasing power
• Key player in the trading chain expelled
• Violence impacted negatively the branding of
  Kenya main exportation goods and services (fruit,
  horticulture, coffee, tourism)
• Employment law staff morale, displaced staff,
  tensions within staff.
• Few opportunities for casual work

15
3. Livelihoods

• Agricultural
• Farmer IDPs
• missing out on the rains e.g. North Rift,
  Central and southern rift
• Farm inputs and implements a major issue
• Serious food needs to take them thro the season
• Highly traumatized
• Narok South Maasai extended invitation to Kisii
  IDPs
• Non-displaced farmers
• Food secure but low purchasing power
• Lack of access to basic services

16

• Non-displaced farmers
• Inability to access markets
• High prices of inputs
• Business
• Huge loss of property and business opportunities
• Least/most welcome e.g. most welcome in
  Eldoret least welcome in Narok, Kisumu
• Most are defaulters of loans
• Informal sector welcome in most areas
• Workers (Estates workers/labourers)
• Kericho unwelcome in most estates have already
  lost their jobs (blessing in disguise)
• Nandi south - acceptable
• Naivasha unwelcome (treated like kings)

17
Environmental Impact

• Emergency levels of forest destruction during PEV
  were noted in Elgon, Cherangani, Mau and Nandi
  Hills, Nandi South and Kakamega Forests.
• Impacts were the continued level of illegal
  extraction of timber and clearing and the need
  for wood products to support the many displaced
  people in Western Kenya (housing, fuel, income).
• It was noted that the newly created Kenya Forest
  Service (KFS) and Ministry (MENR) were actively
  seeking ways to overcome the crisis but hampered
  by capacity and lack of resources
• However, political uncertainty and the many
  demands for resources, is likely to overwhelm the
  government and therefore need specifically
  targeted assistance.

18
Livestock

• Large number of livestock displaced, rustled,
  stolen, or left in the farms
• Desperate sale of high milk meat yielding
  breeds- esp. dairy herds
• Illegal movement of animals increasing disease
  incidence, outbreak of notifiable diseases e.g.
  FMD, LSD, Rabies
• Demand for improved dairy animals on Uganda side
  encouraged thefts in T/Nzoia
• Scheduled vaccinations not done

19
Women

• Most traumatized most suffered death of spouse,
  son etc
• Most resilient have picked up, engaged in small
  businesses in the camps
• Non-displaced suffered loss of entrepreneurial
  guidance from displaced peers
• Suffer GBV in camps
• Cases of engagement in commercial sex were
  reported in most of the major towns

20
Youth

• IDP youth idle could be source of crime in
  neighbouring market centres
• Engaged in hawking in Eldoret and Kisii towns
• Non-displaced youth unreached, still armed and
  at the disposal of politicians sometimes on
  short notice
• Revival plan for village polytechnics in Lugari
  to enable youth acquire necessary skills for
  self-employment
• Sports for peace initiatives in RVP and
  Borabu/Sotik
• New-found role of the defenders of the tribe
• Widespread unemployment making them vulnerable

21
People with Disabilities (PWDs)

• Not much focus during the assessment
• But there were clearly no mechanism in place in
  most of the camps to incorporate the needs of
  PWDs
• Discussions with local authorities and CSOs at
  the grassroots did not also feature PWDs

22
4. Shelter and Housing

• Almost all IDPs who fled lost their houses
• Critical pre-condition for return apart from
  security
• Three types of losses
• Complete demolitions/razing down e.g. Uasin
  Gishu
• Partial destruction e.g. Cherangany, Londiani,
  Laikipia West
• Eviction from rented/leased housing Kericho,
  Sotik, Eldoret town, Kericho town

23
Shelter/Housing Needs

• Main Housing Issues
• Transitional Shelter Laikipia West, Trans-Nzoia
• Repair of damaged houses
• Provision of permanent housing

24
Compensation

• Controversial and confusing issue
• Not an illegitimate demand
• Lack of guidelines
• Past promises never met
• Encouraging displacement in the short run
• Encouraging host-IDP rift
• Fuelled by resentment
• Unequal access to declaration

25
5. Restoration of Infrastructure

• Water
• Kisumu city suffered the most water offices and
  vehicles razed down
• Burnt forest piping and general reticulation
  system up-rooted
• Gatundia (Laikipia West) reticulation system
  and pumping sets including a windmill destroyed
• Eldoret Showground IDP bill of Ksh.2m
• Most staff affected in RVP, Western, Nyanza

26

• Roads
• Not a major issue Trans-Nzoia, Eldoret brought
  it up
• Important component in the farming areas
• Education
• Though affected, learning going on (GoK, UNICEF,
  NGOs)
• Main issues
• Overcrowded classes
• Lack of teachers hire of voluntary teachers
• Trauma
• Fees exam and tuition
• Destroyed learning infrastructure facilities
• School feeding lunches etc

27

• Health
• Good effort by GoK, and other partners
• Inadequate medical personnel
• Inadequate drugs in the health facilities due
  to pressure by IDPs
• Cutting off of monthly/quarterly kits to some of
  the health facilities
• Building destruction, assets and suplies losses

28
Human Rights

• Right to equality and non-discrimination
  programme implications
• Freedom to return, resettlement and reintegration
  
• Right to protection/provision of security by the
  State
• Human rights violations by the State
• The right to compensation and access to
  information
• Documentation losses

29
Economic impact of the crisis

• Slowly returning to normality
• Free flow of goods and money
• Resilient financial, trading and manufacturing
  industries
• Growth rate half of 2007 3 at best in 2008
• Disruption in January and February
• Restricted flow of labour
• Investor confidence
• Inflation 19.1 in Feb only (higher in western
  Kenya)
• Lower revenue and recovery cost

30
Economic impact of the crisis

• Direct impact
• Agriculture, Livestock and chain value
• Tourism industry
• Informal sector
• Adverse Global trends
• Food prices
• Oil and cost of energy
• The poorest and most vulnerable are the most
  affected

31
Kantata Village, Laikipia West

• An un-destroyed house

• A demolished similar structure

32
IDPs inside Catholic Church in Rumuruti. Notice
the ballot boxes at the background
33
ADC Tractors deployed to Cherangany, Geta Farm.
Nine tractors already there ploughing at no cost
to the farmer
34
Prefab Police Station at Geta. Houses 20 officers
takes 2 wks to complete
35
Ploughed farms in Cherangany, Trans-Nzoia
36
Integrated IDP in Kisii with family. His house,
constructed with salvaged material
37
Momanyi, 32

• I am not used to this kind of life. I wake up in
  the morning do nothing eat and retire to sleep
  at night. I come to this particular spot every
  day to listen to camp gossip. I was born and
  brought up in Nandi South. My grandfather used to
  work for the white settlers in the same area. My
  father was also brought up in the same farm. All
  members of my family, including my grandmother,
  mother , father and all 9 siblings. Although I
  am looking forward to going back to the place I
  know best, but I know things will never be the
  same. My father sold his portion of land in Kisii
  to buy a bigger portion in Nandi South.

38
Voluntary rebuilding and restoration work in
Chepilat Market, Sotik
39
Meeting the various stakeholders
40
Conclusions

• Very high tensions between communities.
• Conditions for a large scale, quick and
  sustainable Return and Reintegration of IDPs not
  met.
• Peace and Reconciliation is an absolute
  preconditions for Return and Reintegration and
  more broadly for recovery
• Livelihoods is the other one
• Political pressure for return in opposition with
  the ERNA finding
• No real national ownership
• Many local initiatives to build on

41
Recommendations

• Adopt a case by case, incremental and integrated
  approach to Return and Reintegration
• Peace and Reconciliation
• Provide support to local initiative (provision of
  resources, technical support, mediation and
  facilitation, Monitoring
• Strengthen national mechanisms (NSC, PDCs, DMCs,
  PDOs)
• Make Humanitarian and ER interventions conflict
  sensitive
• Promote individual and collective trauma
  councelling

42
Recommendations

• Livelihoods
• Support to Agriculture and Livestock
• Value Chain
• Alternative income generating activities
• Inject cash in the local economy (cash for works,
  cash grants, cash transfer)
• Life saving assistance to the most vulnerable
• Support through the market, micro-finance
  institutions SME
• Partnership
• Government from top to down
• Support to local initiative
• Integrated effort to Return and Reintegration

43
Way Forward

• Strengthen Peace and Reconciliation in the ERFS
  cluster.
• PR Task Force
• Livelihoods
• Direct support
• Improve local economic environment
• Partnership with the GoK
• Highly politicized
• Good will at many level
• New PSs
• Clearer vision and ownership at the political
  level.
• Red Book
• Get on board other Key ministries (Fin, local
  Gov, intern sec)

44
Way Forward

• Partnership with Donors
• At early planning stage
• Resuming development or Recovery?
• Poor Confidence with Government
• Bridging between Emergency and Recovery/Developmen
  t
• UNDP proposal
• Establishing small grants funding mechanism and
• Capacity building and monitoring regional team
  in the four humanitarian hubs (Kisumu, Nakuru,
  Eldoret and Nairobi)

45
Way Forward

• UN joint programme
• Coordination and integrated approach to Return
  and Reintegration at the local level.
• Building on existing local coordination
  mechanisms
• 3Ws (Who does What Where)
• Monitoring and Evaluation