Emergency Training Simulation Design

1
Emergency Training Simulation Design
Art Hendela President, Hendela System
Consultants, Inc. www.hendela.com art.hendela_at_hend
ela.com Mihai Moldovan New Jersey Institute of
Technology

2
Uses of Games and Simulators

• Teaching - principles, methods, skills,
  supplementary material
• Training allow dress rehearsals with easy reset
• Operations explore, test, and plan operational
  parameters

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Uses of Games and Simulators - Continued

• Research hypothesis testing
• Therapy behavioral testing, evaluation, and
  drug treatment
• Entertainment have fun and relax (sounds
  good! )

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Basic Design Philosophies

• According to Gartner Groups Clark Aldrich
  (2001)
• Use Authentic Scenarios
• Force quick decisions
• Provide lots of options
• Repetition and choices help it sink in
• Customize to the culture

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Metaphors the basis for learning events

• Use the 3 C model to help develop your metaphors
• Create
• Connect
• Combine

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Special Purpose Simulators Defined

• Custom built tool by an experienced model builder
• Uses a data driven model of a specific system
• The user is allowed to modify model parameters in
  order to run tests and get his/her results

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Simulation Language History

• Fortran The mother of all mathematical modeling
  languages (1956)
• Algol influenced Cs development (1960)
• GPSS IBMs General Purpose System Simulator
  (1961)
• Dynamo used first for USAF logistics
• APL A Programming Language all mathematical
  symbols.

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Simulation Language Microsaint

• Developed for modeling human-based complex
  systems
• Used for analysis of resource utilization,
  maintenance procedures, military personnel
  performance
• Utilizes the Task Network Model to answer what if
  questions

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MicroSaint Application-Human Factors

• Simulation is new to Human Factors/Ergonomic
  studies
• Used by industry and the military to find optimal
  work teams
• Helped design Armys Comanche Helicopter

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Simulation Design High Level Architecture

• Former simulations used Monolithic design
  techniques to create one large model
• High Level Architecture (HLA) is used for newer
  distributed simulations comprised of sub-models

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High Level Architecture Traffic Flow Example
Traffic Light Models
Traffic Management System
Visualization
Simulation Cars
Simulation Pedestrians
Simulation Traffic Lights
Runtime Infrastructure (RTI)
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Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor

• Partnership of Immunization Providers (PIP) used
  three steps to create simulation to improve
  clinic performance
• Create Workflow data acquisition tool
• Break data into functional relationships
• Create simulation model of ideal operation
• Input is made simple for the staff

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Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor 2

• Five key areas are identified
• Check-in,
• Waiting Room/pre exam
• Exam
• Check-out and Charting
• Post-checkout

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Simulation Application Satellite Terminal
Control

• Simulation of a direct control of satellite
  ground terminal
• Runs on WIN NT-based laptop
• Employed with 3rd party tools, packages and
  components
• Designed to simulate one control terminal

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Simulation Application Railroad

• TRAINSET is a real-time railroad simulator
• Designed with layout editor, state display,
  control programs
• Automatic Control Interface (ACI) establishes the
  connection

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Simulation Application Simulated Fire

• Virtual Environment allows safe recreation of
  scenarios.
• Building designs are evaluated from the viewpoint
  of fire safety
• 3-D designs allow for the ability to
  walk-through the building.
• Integrates NISTs Consolidated Model of Fire and
  Smoke Transport (CFAST) with Berkeley
  Architectural Walkthrough (Walkthru).

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Simulated Fire CFAST Design

• Environment composed of
• Rectilinear 3-D regions called volumes
• Interconnection portals called vents
• Differential equations are solved to create the
  flow and exchange of gases between the volumes

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Simulated Fire Walkthru Design

• Walkthru adds properties and objects not found in
  the basic CFAST simulation. These include
• Wall Specifications such as thickness and
  material
• Furniture characteristics such as mass,
  materials, chemistry, and combustion details.

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Simulation Application Submarine Combat
Threats/ Targets
Mission Requirements
Info Processing
Decision Functions
Action Systems
Sensors
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Simulation Application Multiprocessor
Applications

• S3E2S CAD environment for specification,
  simulation, and synthesis of embedded electronic
  systems
• Combines analog parts, digital hardware, and
  software.
• Mixes control dominated and data dominated
  behavior of electronic devices

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Simulation Application Power Generation

• Interest in power grid simulation high in light
  of potential black outs and terrorist threats
• STAR used for a variety of power generation
  simulation
• Electrical Grid
• Electrical Generator
• Steam Turbine
• High Voltage Regulation

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Simulation Application Hospital Emergency
Command System

• Four areas in which the system needs to provide
  control and mobilization communications,
  personnel, equipment and mobility
• Five phases in a hospital emergency detect,
  dispatch, deploy, deliver and disperse
• Simulation program has been prepared in a modular
  manner
• Results showed improvements in emergency response
  time when using the system

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Simulation Application Design of a Submarine
Voyage Training Simulator

• The simulator consists of three parts Operation
  Panel, Display Panel and Interface Cabinet
• System modeling motion modeling and navigation
  devices modeling
• Complex software design differential equations,
  database management, 3D animation, PID
  controller, real-time communication
• Results showed that simulator could describe the
  regulation of submarine movement and maneuvering
  correctly and completely

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Simulation Application Inflight Software
Simulation of the Harpoon Missile

• Harpoon missile anti-ship missile that can be
  launched from submarines, surface ships and
  aircrafts
• Built by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
  Corporation
• HACLCS Harpoon Aircraft Command and Launch
  System
• Two modes for launch computer and line-of sight

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Simulation Application Inflight Software
Simulation of the Harpoon Missile 2

• Two launching modes normal and abnormal
• Simulation function provides the operator with
  the capability to simulate selection and release
  of missiles
• Simulation capabilities include initialization
  controlling and operating conditions, selection
  simulation, tableau update simulation, aim point
  update simulation, MGU update simulation, FTP
  update simulation, release simulation

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Simulation Transaction Cycle of Agents and
Web-based Gaming Simulation for International
Emissions Trading

• ASIA agent-based Java framework (Artificial
  Society with Interacting Agents)
• Layered structure application layer, social
  layer, agent layer, Java virtual machine
• Greenhouse gas emission trading simulation
• Web applications for gaming

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Simulation An Environment Simulator for the
FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch System

• MICS System Management and Information Control
  System
• Environmental simulator an integral part of the
  MICS
• Six modes of operation alarm receipt, decision
  dispatch, display/fallback, notification, status
  monitoring and management
• Results showed that the required performance of
  the MICS system was more than adequately met

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Simulation Simulation Study of a Hospital
Automated Materials Handling System

• ACT Automated Cart Transport system to be
  implemented in the hospital
• There is a need for studying a number of issues
  manpower requirements, number of needed
  transporters, interfacing with other personnel
  using the system, scheduling
• A simulation is the best way to analyze all these
  factors

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Simulation Simulation Study of a Hospital
Automated Materials Handling System 2

• Two modeling concepts
• Breaking down the system activities into
  identifiable event elements
• Use a dynamically changing list of future events
• WIDES Wisconsin Discrete Event Simulator
• The system had four main components the
  database, the scheduler, the simulation program
  and the output
• Conclusion a feasible schedule of deliveries
  has NOT been achieved

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Simulation Modeling with the Microsaint
Simulation Package

• Microsaint a discrete-event simulation software
  package for building models that simulate
  real-life processes
• Model development
• Task timing information
• Conditions for execution
• Beginning/ending effects
• Task sequencing
• Used successfully in the manufacturing industry
  and in the health care industry

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Simulation Simulation Interoperability with the
Microsaint Simulation Software and COM Services

• COM services developed as a new feature for
  Microsaint
• COM services allow communication between
  Microsaint and other software applications
• Examples of COM Services application
• Course of Action Training Tool (CATT)
• Combat Automation Requirements Testbed (CART)

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Simulation Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS

• GPSS General Purpose Simulation System a
  popular simulation modeling language
• Offers a rich set of semantics and yet it is
  sparse in syntax
• GPSS is a multi-vendor language
• Some versions provide built-in graphic and
  animation features
• Some languages have GPSS embedded

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Simulation Perspectives on Simulation using
GPSS 2

• Five misconceptions about GPSS
• GPSS is inherently slow
• To do anything sophisticated in GPSS, HELP blocks
  must be used to combine GPSS models with FORTRAN
  routines
• GPSS is trivial to learn
• Modeling difficulties arise more frequently due
  to language shortcomings than due to lack of
  modeler expertise
• GPSS is batch oriented

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Simulation Medical Education as a Model for
Simulation Education

• Two models of simulation application research
  model and practice model
• Parallel between medical education and simulation
  education
• Curriculum proposal
• Basic course work mathematics, statistics,
  probability, stochastic models, optimization and
  simulation modeling
• Additional coursework accounting, business
  management, marketing, logistics, Info Systems
  management, computing, communication and
  technical writing

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Simulation A Microcomputer Based Simulation
Model for a Military Scheduling Application

• Study tries to determine the manpower
  requirements for an army orders processing
  operation
• Model development
• Arrivals
• Service
• Queue
• Results of the simulation model showed that
  overall processing time can effectively be
  reduced by designing the processing system on the
  basis of the queue size of the orders and the
  number of clerks

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Simulation - An Introduction to the Simulation of
a Multiple CPU Military Communications System

• Design effort to extend the capabilities of
  Armys operational telecommunication system
• Resulting system Pentagon Consolidated
  Telecommunications Center System (PCTCS)
• Extensible Computer System Simulation (ECSS II)
  language was used to simulate the new PCTCS
  system
• ECSS II was found to be a powerful tool for
  simulating military message processing systems

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Simulation Barriers to Implementing Simulation
in Health Care

• Barrier 1 A natural resistance to the
  unfamiliar
• Rule 1 Get everybodys fingerprints on the
  knife
• Barrier 2 The industrial time and motion
  study stigma
• Rule 2 Educate others and avoid the industrial
  vernacular

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Simulation Barriers to Implementing Simulation
in Health Care 2

• Barrier 3 The poorly conducted simulation
  study
• Rule 3 Dont wind your toys too tight
• Barrier 4 politics, personalities, over
  confidence, misunderstanding , ambition, poor
  data collection etc.
• Rule 4 Dont build barriers build bridges

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Simulation A Tutorial on Simulation in
Healthcare Applications and Issues

• Computer simulation models conform both to system
  structure and to available system data
• Simulation supports experimentation with systems
  at relatively low cost and little risk
• Variation matters
• Simulation experiment results conform to unique
  system requirements for information

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Simulation A Tutorial on Simulation in
Healthcare Applications and Issues 2

• Simulation application in healthcare can be
  classified into four categories
• Public policy
• Patient treatment process
• Capital expenditure requirements
• Provider operating policies

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Simulation Internet-based Simulation using
Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA

• C not suited for developing simulations
• HLA High Level Architecture
• Requirements imposed on simulation tools by HLA
  are considerable
• Requirements derived from the HLA programming
  paradigm
• Requirements derived from being part of a
  distributed simulation

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Simulation Internet-based Simulation using
Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA 2

• Four general solutions for integrating existing
  simulation tools into HLA
• Re-implementation of the tool with HLA extensions
• Extension of intermediate code
• Usage of an external programming interface
• Coupling via a gateway program

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Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of
Stay in Emergency Departments

• Object of the study a medium to large hospital
  in the southeast
• Simulation software MedModel
• 10 steps in the project
• Identify the process to be simulated
• Define the goals and objectives of the study
• Formulate and define model
• Collect data
• Build the model

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Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of
Stay in Emergency Departments 2

• 10 steps in the process (cont)
• Verify the model
• Validate the model
• Set up alternatives for evaluation
• Run multiple replications on each alterative and
  evaluate results
• Choose best alternative or combination of
  alternatives

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Simulation A Review of Web-based Simulation
Whither we Wander

• New software technologies
• Java is one of the most promising technologies
  for web based simulation
• Environments and languages for web based
  simulation
• Simjava
• DEVSJAVA
• JSIM
• JavaSim
• JavaGPSS
• Silk
• WSE

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Simulation A Review of Web-based Simulation
Whither we Wander 2

• Areas of application
• Manufacturing
• Education and training
• Military applications
• Scientific applications
• Other applications

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Training Application-Healthcare Treatment

• Police are trained to recognize gestures and
  verbal cues regarding mental illness
• Verbal interaction methods are taught
• The following are simulated
• Schizophrenia
• Paranoia
• Depression

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Healthcare Treatment Mental Illness Simulator
Language Processor
Virtual Human Visualization Engine
Behavior Engine
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Training Application Multi-ship Air Combat

• Simulation used as inexpensive way to keep skills
  sharp
• Live flight limited due to security, flight
  safety, resources, range of flight
• Pilots train in a F-15 cockpit in a 40 foot dome
  with target projection
• SIMNET implements multi-user design utilizing
  pilots, weapons controllers, and enemies.

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Training Application Multi-ship Air Combat 2

• Simulation considered better for training
• Multi-bogey, four or more
• Reaction to surface to air missiles
• Employment of electronic countermeasures/counter-c
  ounter measures
• Escort tactics
• All weather tactics
• Low altitude tactics

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Training Application Multi-ship Air Combat 3

• Simulator considered worse for
• Visual outlook
• Tactical formation
• Visual identification
• Mutual support

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Training Application Virtual Patients

• Virtual human patient developed to train for
  cardiac emergencies.
• Uses Artificial Intelligence to simulate medical
  conditions
• Adds 3-D environment to visualize a patient in an
  emergency room.
• Used to train medical students for cardiac
  emergencies

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Virtual Patients System Design

• Patients appearance varies based on clinical
  condition
• Emergency room is filled with virtual nurses to
  execute requests for diagnosis and treatment
• Complementary examination is carried out to aid
  diagnosis.

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Virtual Patients Emotional Design

• Views are provided at user determined angles
• Animation shows the patients current state
• Commands carried out by menus or voice commands
• Environment becomes busier as situations become
  more critical

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Training Application Tactical Network
Management

• Communication Network Simulation system (CNS)
  used for tactical training.
• Operators train in
• System Configuration
• Message Response
• Emergency Situations

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Tactical Network Management - Functions
System Admin
Cots and Utility Software
Application Executive
NMT Functions
Soldier/Machine Interface
Network Planning And Engineering
Battlefield Spectrum Mngmt
WAN Management
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Training Measuring the Effectiveness of
Simulation-Based Training

• Instructional Systems Design (ISD)
• Analysis of training needs
• Design of training curriculum
• Evaluation
• Development of training curriculum
• Implementation (delivery)
• Formulation of an elementary simulation-based
  training effectiveness measure

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Training Firefighter Command Training Virtual
Environment

• System consists of three main components
• Virtual Environment
• Graphical Command Interface
• NIST Fire Dynamic Simulator
• Firefighter control
• Pathfinding
• Models and animation
• Realistic fire and smoke
• Fire simulation
• Volume compression
• Fire and smoke visualization
• Interactive fire and smoke

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Training Developing and implementing a
Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program for
Student Employees in IT

• Employee skills
• Demographics of student employees
• Who to look for in interviews
• Orientation trainings
• Tools to aid and supplement training
• Ongoing or long-term training
• Tracking student progress
• Making students want to improve

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Conclusions Strategic directions in Distributed
Simulation

• Systems operations and management
• Real-time decision making
• Combat consultant
• Aircraft navigation
• Crowd management
• Persistent virtual worlds
• Virtual verisimilitude

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Conclusions Research Challenges in Distributed
Simulation

• Human behavior modeling
• Simulation domain architectures
• Abundant network bandwidth
• Practical event management techniques

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References

• Aldrich, Clark, Something about simulations,
  elearningforum.com, July, 2001
• Alexopoulos, Chritos, et al, A discrete
  simulation application for clinics serving the
  poor, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation
  Conference.
• Araten, Michel, Perspectives of the founding
  Fathers, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter
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References

• Barnes, Catherine Drury and K Ronald Laughery,
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References

• Drury, Catherine and K Ronald Laughery,
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References

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References

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References

• Klein, Ulrich, Thomas Schulze, Steffan
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