PUMPS, TANKS,

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PUMPS, TANKS,
VESSELS EQUIPMENT
Pumps Tanks Vessels Miscellaneous Equipment
Chapter 4
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PUMPS

• workhorses of any process plant
• centrifugal pump is most frequently type used
• pumps basically have a rapidly rotating
  propeller with cupped blades that pulls liquid
  through the suction end and discharges it under
  pressure through a pipe to a destination
• most common pieces of equipment in the plant

General arrangement pump symbols

• By now you realize that the general arrangement
  drawing contains minimal amount of detail, but
  provides background information for and shows the
  centerlines of equipment in the area.
• Because there is a need for clearances around
  pumps, its a general rule to provide not only
  the pump centerline and discharge but also supply
  pump pad or foundation details as well.
• In cases where pumps and motors might not be the
  norm in size and shape, its also a good idea
  to provide an outline of the equipment

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Flow diagram pump symbols
Symbols are simple graphic representations of the
actual equipment Pumps are shown by simple
symbols on flow diagrams

• some companies use a circle as the pump symbol
• some companies embellish the circle with various
  projections and bases
• standard size of pump symbol vary, but normal
  size is 3/8 to ¾ diameter circle

Sample Pump Symbols
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Piping drawing symbol
The typical piping drawings contain all the
details of the piping system. The piping drawing
provides important information about several
parts of the pump and is used for identification
and dimensioning purposes.

• Centerline
• runs through center of pump and pump motor
• should be dimensioned with a coordinate in plan
  view and an elevation in section view is
  labeled with pump number in both views
• MOST important line on plan view of pump
• ALWAYS dimensioned to another piece of equipment
  or structural steel column

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• Suction
• the suction side or intake of the pump is where
  the fluid is drawn into the pump
• suction flange is cast as part of the pump
• may be dimensioned as a reference dimension
• suction flange must be dimensioned from the pump
  centerline
• Discharge
• pressurized fluid is expelled through the
  discharge or outlet
• the centerline of the discharge will cross the
  centerline or axis of the pump itself
• discharge flange must be dimensioned from the
  pump centerline

Dimensions for suction discharge can be taken
from vendor drawings on the pump. The typical
label for these dimensions in section view is
F.O.F. or Face of Flange elevation
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Gasket symbol

• location of gasket symbols on piping drawings
  indicate whether the gasket thickness is or isnt
  included in the dimension

Example The dimension from the centerline of the
discharge and the FOF of the suction of this pump
is 1-0. BUT, pay attention to where the gasket
symbol is located. In this case it is INCLUDED
in the dimension. So, that means that the
dimension is 1-0 1/8 thk. gasket 1- 0 1/8
Make sure you know the location of the gasket OR
at least make sure you ADD the gasket into your
dimensions because the thickness of the gasket
might make a difference when calculating lengths
of pipe and fittings
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Isometric pump symbol
When drawing pumps in isometric, most if not ALL
of the information thats given for it on the
piping drawings.
Notice in the example at right, that the pump is
labeled, dimensioned and shows the pump
centerline elevation.
Example of centrifugal pump isometric
Vendor pump data
It is important that a drafter must be able to
use vendors catalogs to find the correct pump
for the application and dimensions to draw it.
The vendor drawings will provide pump centerline
and location of flange faces. It also provides
information as to pump base and overall general
dimensions in reference to the pump.
Examples of vendor drawings and dimensions are
shown on pages 92 and 93 of your text.
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Pump Layout Considerations
In the location and orientation of pumps and
their related piping, a drafter has to consider
several things in order to achieve the most
efficient and economical arrangement.
Clearances and access

• provide a minimum of 3-0 clearance around
  pumps equipment this is for easy access and
  maintenance
• provide minimum of 5-6 space at the motor end
  of the pumps
• pumps should be located near accessways, roads
  or driveways again for easy access and
  maintenance
• you shouldnt route a lot of piping in front of
  the pump (suction end) there are always cases
  where this isnt possible, but as a rule, dont
  clutter the front of the pump with extraneous
  piping
• valve handwheels should point away from the
  pump careful consideration as to handwheel
  orientation is important so as not to congest
  accessways and maintenance areas or be a safety
  hazard to personnel

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Related piping
Pipe, fittings valves attached to the pump
affect pump operation, efficiency and access.
Typically its a general rule to design pump
piping to avoid flow turbulence. So, its
important for you to become familiar with
applicable standards when drawing pump piping.

• suction lines should be straight (where
  possible) short
• straight pipe, equal to approximately three
  times the pipe diameter helps prevent turbulence
  at the pump suction however, due to space
  limitations, a straight run of pipe on the
  suction side is not always possible
• if elbows must be used on the suction side, they
  should be placed in the vertical rather than
  horizontal to reduce turbulence
• when vertical suction pipe is used, eccentric
  reducers with the flat side on the bottom to
  avoid air pockets (which can cause cavitation in
  the pump) should be used
• use flat side on top eccentric reducers in
  horizontal suction
• to prevent backflow into the pump on the
  discharge side, a check valve should be place on
  the discharge nozzle
• a gate valve should ALWAYS be located above the
  check valve on the discharge side

In some instances, suction lines will be sloped
down slightly toward the pump.
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Additional layout considerations

• Locate pumps under pipe racks when possible.
  Place centerline of discharge nozzle 2-0 from
  the center of the rack support
• Arrange multiple pumps parallel, with discharge
  centerlines aligned.
• Place pumps on same side of pipe racks as tanks
  or vessels
• Avoid use of excess pipe insulation sometimes
  this is possible by placing pumps close to a
  vessel containing hot or cold liquids
• Provide supports for all piping to avoid
  transferring loads and stresses to the pump
  nozzles
• Locate auxiliary piping to avoid interference
  with the maintenance area and accessway

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Tanks and Vessels

• Tank container that varies in shape and size
  that is used to store liquids and solutions
• Vessel similar to a tank buy may contain
  internal components and operate under high
  temperatures and pressures
• theres usually some type of process cooking,
  chemical reaction, separation, distillation or
  accumulation, thats occurring inside a vessel
• constructed to withstand the maximum pressures
  that may develop in the occurring process within
  the vessel

Both tanks and vessels can be constructed out of
a variety of materials fiberglass, plastic,
brick, not just out of steel. Typically both are
vented to allow volatile gases to escape as
pressure rises within the tank or
vessel. Sometimes a two-way valve is installed so
as to allow gasses to escape during the heat of
the day and allow outside aire to enter the tank
when it cools off at night.
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Tank and vessel components
Although tanks and vessels perform different
functions, they still have basic similar
components

• SIDE or SHELL the walls of the tank or vessel
• END or HEAD the piece that attaches to the
  shell to form an enclosure this can be a large
  blind flange bolted to the shell of a vessel or n
  elliptical or conical cap
• Saddle steel or concrete supports for
  horizontal vessels and tanks steel supports are
  anchored to concrete foundations or pads
• Nozzle short piece of pipe with a flange
  attached that permits piping to be attached to
  the tank or vessel
• Accessway large opening for maintenance and
  access, usually 18 ID or larger. It can be
  hinged or have a davited blind flange for easy
  opening.

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Shapes and styles
Tanks and vessels can be built to any
specification the client requires such as
square, spherical or cylindrical, and they can be
erected vertically, horizontally or even at an
angle.
Tank tops or ends can vary in shape depending on
the process or the fluid the tank contains

• Example
• If a tank contains a product that expands during
  the days heat, a gloating top may be used it
  rests on top of the liquid or gas and rises with
  the expansion of the contents
• If venting of the tank is needed, then an
  elliptical top may be used with a two-way venting
  valve

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Flow diagram tank symbols
Flow diagram shapes used to depict
tanks
The example at left shows the basic tank shape,
inlet outlet pipes joined to the tank on a flow
diagram. Notice that no tank details are given
they are usually only shown on piping and tank
drawings.
Flow diagram
Piping drawings
Piping drawings provide more detailed view of
tanks and vessels as well as ladders, platforms
and all pipes connected to the tank.
Piping Elevation
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Tank and Vessel Drawings
Tank/Vessel drawing

• this is the MOST detailed view of the tank or
  vessel
• its created by the drafter after the tank has
  been designed
• in most instances, a typical drawing will be
  provided by the fabricator, the drafter, with
  input from engineers, field staff and process
  engineers, will revamp the initial drawing to
  represent the required details of the system
  this includes nozzle orientation, location
  size, along with potential locations of platforms
  ladders the drawing is then returned to the
  fabricator for construction

Factors that influence where tank is built

• if the tank is small enough to be shipped, it
  can be shop built but if there are space
  confinements, even small tanks can be fabricated
  on site
• if the tank is too large to be shipped, parts
  are fabricated in the shop and shipped to the
  site and the tank is then erected on site
• large tanks may be fabricated totally on site

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Drawing details

• normally the tank drawing doesnt rely on any
  other drawings for reference information its
  an ALL in one
• All construction details are shown
• All materials used to build it
• Welding symbols may be included

• The tank drawings also show nozzles and
  accessways

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Nozzles

• Important because they are the points where pipe
  is connected to the tank or vessel
• Its important to measure correctly and provide
  accurate dimensions when drawing nozzles
• The nozzle projection and list of nozzle sizes
  will typically be provided on the vendor drawing
• There are typical projections that can be used
  where specific dimensions are not given or
  otherwise noted.

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Miscellaneous features

• these features that appear on a tank drawing
  will include instrument connections, bracing,
  lifting eyes hooks, davits, ladders cages are
  also shown on tank/vessel drawings
• the illustration at right provides an example of
  the possible number of views needed to accurately
  describe the platforms and caged ladders

• Notice that all the nozzles are shown in the
  elevation view this doesnt represent the exact
  orientation of the nozzles, they are shown this
  way for ease of dimensioning the plan view will
  show the correct nozzle orientation of the
  nozzles then by combining the information on
  the two views, you will have a more accurate
  representation of the nozzles on the tank drawing.

• Notice also that the B.O.M. (bill of material)
  or shopping list is located on the right side
  of a drawing. This table indicates all materials
  needed for construction of the tank. Consult
  your company policies and standards on type and
  amount of information given in the B.O.M.

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Nozzle schedule

• typically located on the tank/vessel drawing in
  the top right position.
• it is used to provide all necessary nozzle
  dimensions and eliminates the need to dimension
  each nozzle separately

• It provides a description of the function of the
  nozzle

• Each nozzle is given an identifying tag number
  a bubble with a leader on the tank itself is
  marked with the same number

• Size of the nozzle

• Projection of the nozzle typically from the
  centerline of the tank/vessel

Amount and Specificity of information provided in
the nozzle schedule varies according to company
standards and requirements.
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Tank/vessel drawing layout
In situations where theres a need for specialty
tank one designed for a unique application, the
designer/drafter may have to draw it from
engineering sketches or notes. Even though it may
be a new design, its still composed of common
components. Be sure and consult company
standards in starting a new tank drawing.

• Some companies use a parametric design computer
  software which applies certain rules or
  constraints to entered information and produces
  the tank drawing that best fits those
  parameters
• Elements possibly needed for parametric tank
  design
• Contents of the tank
• Pressure and temperature of contents
• Volume of the tank
• Number volume of inlets
• Number volume of outlets
• Tank orientation

Other information may be needed however, that is
dependent on the type and use of parametric
design software that your company usesif any.
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Tank and vessel piping drawing layout
Layout, alignment orientation of tanks, vessels
and components is typically the responsibility of
the designer/drafter. With experience, you will
gain confidence and knowledge of how best to
layout tank and vessel pipe drawings. ALWAYS
remember to use the appropriate standards and
specifications set by your company. To get you
started with doing a layout, there are some basic
rules to follow to create an efficient,
accessible safe layout

• Space columns and towers a minimum of three to
  four diameters apart
• Provide clear space from the top of a
  tank/vessel to ground for using crane or davit to
  raise and lower equipment
• Route largest and highest pipe in area first
• Locate ladders, platforms and accessways on one
  side of tank or vessel so as to free up the other
  side for piping
• Run vertical piping outside platforms NOT
  through them when this isnt possible, use
  steel plates, toekicks or guards

• Provide access at top or bottom of tank
  sometimes access is needed at both
• Inlets and outlets should be at opposite ends of
  a horizontal vessel
• Tank inlets should be placed at the top and
  outlets at the bottom.
• Most tanks and vessels should have vents, drains
  cleanouts
• Vessels should have relief valves

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Miscellaneous Equipment
Although youll find pumps and tanks in most
industrial processes, there are other pieces of
equipment that are also used. The next few slides
will give you a definition of these various
pieces of equipment and their uses within a
process system.

• Agitator
• also known as a mixer
• primary function is to mix fluids
• its a propeller attached to a shaft motor
• it can be permanently attached or portable

• Boiler
• basically a heater fired by oil, natural gas (or
  even wood chips)
• the water that is condensed from steam (known as
  condensate) is collected and piped back to the
  boiler where it is reheated and converted to steam

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• Clarifier
• large, open tank in which wastewater is drained
• the bottom of the clarifier is sloped to the
  center
• a rake inside the clarifier slowly rotates and
  scrapes the settled material to the center where
  it is pumped out
• the clear liquid flows off the top over a weir
  (dam) and is piped to another location for
  further treatment

• Column
• fractionation column, common in petroleum
  industry
• used to distill products its basically a
  complex still
• preheated feed (in petroleum industry this is
  crude oil) is fed into the column
• as the crude rises through the column, several
  products fractions or cuts, can be distilled
  such as heating oil, gasoline, fuel gases,
  naphtha and paraffin

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• Condenser
• condenses gases
• gases enter one side and are cooled by cold
  water or another refrigerant which causes the
  gases to condense and exit the condenser as
  liquid

• Compressor
• it does the same job as a pump but instead of
  increasing the pressure of a liquid, a compressor
  increases the pressure of a gas or vapor
• low-pressure vapor enters the compressor, its
  compressed and then discharged at a higher
  pressure

• Cyclone
• a separation piece of equipment
• solids and/or gases enter the cyclone at an
  angle that creates a whirling, circular motion
  inside
• heavier materials fall to the bottom and lighter
  materials exit at the top

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• Dryer
• also called a rotary kiln typically used in
  pulp paper industry to dry lime
• long, slightly inclined, large-diameter tube
  used to dry substances
• wet material recovered from a process enters one
  end and slides along the rotating kiln, where it
  is dried by a gas burner
• the dried material can be reclaimed and reused.

• Evaporator
• also called a concentrator used in the pulp and
  paper industry
• similar to a condenser, but is reverse in its
  process
• water is removed or evaporated from a liquid
  chemical compound through steam heating
• the concentrated liquid can be reused within the
  process or sold

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• Filter
• (rotary drum) separates solids from liquids by
  means of a vacuum on the drum
• solids adhere to a perforated belt on the
  rotating drum due to the vacuum inside
• the drum rotates and a scraper scrapes the
  solids from the belt the solids are removed via
  a conveyor or other removal equipment
• the liquid in the filter is piped out for
  further treatment

• Fired heater
• integral component of the petrochemical industry
• Basically a heater thats used to heat material
  in the process such as crude oil
• the process material is circulated through the
  heater in a series of tubes
• the material is heated and then exits the heater
  to another process step

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• Heat exchanger
• normally horizontal vessels that remove heat
  from one series of pipes (a stream) and moves
  them to another stream
• the two streams do not mix
• an example would be if a hot liquid is
  circulated trough a series of tubes that are
  exposed to outside air the heat from the hot
  liquid in the tubes would be transferred to the
  air and heat it up

• Refiner
• high-speed grinders typically used in food
  processing and pulp paper industries
• coarse material is fed between two grinding
  plates that are spinning in opposite directions
• a fine material is discharged from the refiner

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When you draw a new piece of equipment, use the
correct symbol or drawing method. Remember to
follow the standards of your company as to the
specific drawing techniques.
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Thanks for viewing this Tutorial. Any questions,
comments or complaints can be registered at the
next class meeting, via email or drop by my
office.
Email rstrube_at_mail.accd.edu
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REFERENCES
Parisher, Roy A. Robert A. Rhea. 2002. Pipe
Drafting and Design. 2nd Ed. Gulf Professional
Publishing_Butterworth-Heinermann.
Shumaker, Terence M. 2004. Process Pipe Drafting.
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park,
Illinois.