Earth, Moon

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Earth, Moon Sun

• Astronomy

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Movement of the Earth

• Rotation is the earth spinning on its axis.
• Earths rotation causes day and night (approx. 24
  hours).
• Revolution is the movement of one object around
  another object.
• This is the movement of the earth around the sun.
• Earths revolution determines the length of a
  year(365.25 days).

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Seasons on Earth

• Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as
  it moves around the sun.
• Vernal equinox has equal day and night (March).
• Summer solstice has the longest day and shortest
  night (June).
• Autumnal equinox has equal day and night
  (September).
• Winter Solstice has the shortest day and longest
  night (December).

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Seasons continued

• During equinoxes, the sun is directly over the
  equator.
• During the summer solstice, the sun is directly
  over the Tropic of Cancer.
• During the winter solstice, the sun is directly
  over the Tropic of Capricorn.

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What causes Earth to experience different seasons?

• It rotates on its axis while it revolves around
  the sun.
• It revolves on its axis while it rotates around
  the sun.
• It is tilted while it rotates around the sun.
• It is tilted while it revolves around the sun.

6
During which season is the axis of the Earth
pointed towards the sun?

• Autumn
• Spring
• Summer
• Winter

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How does the length of day compare to the length
of night during the Vernal Equinox?

• Day is longer than night.
• Night is longer than day.
• The day and night are equal in length.
• The day and night are not equal in length.

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Phases of the Moon

• The phase of the moon occur because of the
  movement of the moon around the earth and the
  earth around the sun.
• Cycle of phases is about a month in length.
• Phases of the moon include new moon, waxing
  crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full
  moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning
  crescent.

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Earths Moon

• Temperature range is -176 oC to 100 oC.
• 3,476 km in diameter.
• 1609, Galileo Galilei first used a telescope to
  view the moon.
• Features on the moon include craters, highlands
  maria.
• Craters round pits on the moons surface.
• Maria are dark, flat areas on the moon.

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Other Facts About Our Moon

• The period of rotation is 27.3 Earth days.
• The period of revolution is 27.3 Earth days.
• Because the length of rotation and revolution are
  the same, we only ever see one side of the moon.
• The moon only has 1/6 the gravity of Earth.
• The moon has no atmosphere.

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Exploration of the Moon

• Use Newtons 3rd Law of Motion for space travel
  for every action force, there is an equal and
  opposite reaction force.
• Chinese invented rockets in 1000 AD.
• 1957 the Soviet Union put Sputnik in to space.
• Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.
• Alan Sheppard was the first American in Space.
• John Glen was the first American to orbit Earth.

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Man on the Moon

• Mercury mission was designed to get man in
  space(1 person spaceship).
• Gemini mission was designed to send 2 men at a
  time to the moon and back.
• Apollo mission was designed to land man on the
  moon. Two men went to the surface, one man
  orbited the moon.
• Six missions were successful landing on the moon
  from 1969-72.

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Which phase occurs when the moon is in between
the Earth and the sun?

• Full moon
• New moon
• 1st Quarter moon
• 3rd quarter moon

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Solar Eclipses

• Occurs during a new moon when the moon is between
  the sun and earth.
• The shadow is the umbra, the partial shadow is
  the penumbra.
• Doesnt happen every month because the moons
  orbit around the earth is tilted and this
  prevents the sun, earth and moon from being in a
  straight line.
• Do not look at a solar eclipse without protective
  eye gear.

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Lunar Eclipse

• Occurs during a full moon phase when the earth is
  between the sun and the moon.
• More common than the solar eclipse.
• Can be view without protective eye gear.

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When studying a solar eclipse, which is the
proper method for viewing the sun?

• Wear sunglasses
• Use a refracting telescope
• Use a pinhole camera
• Use a magnifying glass

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Tides

• Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction
  between the moon and earth.
• High tides are 12.5 hours apart.
• Spring tide is the highest high tide and occur at
  full and new moon phases.
• Neap tide is the lowest high tide and occur at
  first and last quarter moon phases.

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Space Stations

• 1971-Salyut
• 1973-Skylab
• 1986-Mir
• 1998-International Space Station

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Space Shuttle

• First space shuttle launched in 1980.
• Space shuttle design to take astronauts in to the
  upper Earths atmosphere to orbit.
• Challenger disaster killed seven astronauts in
  1986.
• Columbia disaster killed seven astronauts in
  2003.
• Current Fleet includes Discover, Atlantis and
  Endeavour.

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Refracting Telescope

• Telescope is made from two convex lenses.
• First used by Galileo.
• Limited in size.

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Reflecting Telescope

• Telescope made from a concave mirror and a convex
  lens.
• First used by Isaac Newton.
• Can make a larger telescope than a refracting
  telescope.

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Radio Telescope

• Has a large dish that collect radio waves.
• Computers interprets the radio waves.
• Has detected pulsars, quasars black holes.

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Review Questions

• What is the spinning on an axis called?
• (rotation)
• What do we call a planets travel around the sun?
  
• (revolution)
• What is the Egyptians calendar based on?
• (revolution)
• What is the Romans calendar based on?
• (cycle of moon phases)
• What causes the seasons?
• (tilt of the earths axis)

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Review Questions

• What is the first day of spring called?
• (Vernal Equinox)
• What is the first day of summer called?
• (Summer Solstice)
• What is the first day of autumn called?
• (Autumnal Equinox)
• What is the first day of winter called?
• (Winter Solstice)
• During the equinox, where is the sun over?
• (the equator)

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Review Questions

• During the solstice, where is the sun over?
• (23.5o N or S latitude)
• How long does it take for the moon to rotate?
• (27.3 days)
• How long does it take for the moon to orbit the
  earth?
• (27.3 days)
• Why do we only ever see one side of the moon?
• (length of rotation and revolution are the same)
• What causes the change in moon phases?
• (changes in relative positions of the moon, Earth
  and sun)

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Review Questions

• How long does it take for a full cycle of moon
  phases?
• (29.5 days)
• Name the phases of the moon in order from the
  least amount of light to the greatest amount of
  light.
• (New, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing
  Gibbous, Full, Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter,
  Waning Crescent, New)
• What happens when the moon passes between the sun
  and the Earth, casting a shadow on the Earth?
• (solar eclipse)
• What happens when the Earth passes between the
  sun and the moon casting a shadow on the moon?
• (lunar eclipse)

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Review Questions

• What is the darkest part of an eclipse called?
• (umbra)
• What is the largest part of the shadow of an
  eclipse called?
• (penumbra)
• How long does it take for a another high tide to
  occur after a high tide?
• (12.5 hours)
• What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth
  and moon are in a straight line?
• (Spring Tide)
• What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth
  and moon are at a right angle to each other?
• (Neap Tide)

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Review Questions

• Which law of physics allows rockets to be
  launched into space?
• (Newtons Third Law of Motion)
• What type of satellite orbits around Earth at the
  same rate that the earth rotates?
• (geosynchronous)
• Who invented the first rocket?
• (Chinese)
• What is used today to transports astronauts and
  supplies to the Space Station?
• (space shuttle)
• How does the gravity on the moon compare to the
  gravity on earth?
• (1/6 gravity on moon)

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Review Questions

• How does the diameter of the moon compare to the
  diameter of the earth?
• (moons diameter is ¼ the diameter of Earth)
• How does the density of the moon compare to the
  density of Earth?
• (the same)
• Who invented the first telescope?
• (Galileo)
• What are the dark flat areas of the moon?
• (maria)
• What did Galileo think the maria was?
• (oceans)

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Review Questions

• In what year did Apollo 11 land on the moon?
• (1969)
• What are the lighter mountainous areas on the
  moon called?
• (highlands)
• What are the circular impressions on the moon
  called?
• (craters)
• What causes the formation of the craters?
• (meteor impacts)
• How long does it take the Earth to rotate?
• (24 hours)

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Review Questions

• How long does it take the Earth to revolve around
  the sun?
• (365.25 days)
• What is the path of the earth around the sun
  called?
• (orbit)
• Why is there not a lunar eclipse during every
  full moon and a solar eclipse during every new
  moon?
• (Earth, moon and sun must be in a straight line)
• How was the moon formed?
• (A large object struck the earth and torn a
  portion of the earth away to form the moon.)
• What causes the tides?
• (moons gravity)