VOCATIONAL COUNSELLING -

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Counseling in vocational setting

• Presented by
• Tinu Tomy
• MSc.Psychology

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• Vocational/career counseling is a specialty that
  helps individuals discover for themselves careers
  and jobs that match their interests, personal
  traits, skills, and values. Trained
  vocational/career counselors work to help the
  individual integrate life and career for the
  highest satisfaction of goals and needs.

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Characteristic of career counselling

• Volition and choice
• Suitability
• Preparation
• On going development
• Social and personal development

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Conceptual framework

• Person environment fit theories
• Developmental theories
• Opportunity structure theories
• Career management theories

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Person environment fit theories

• Earliest theory of occupational choice was that
  of Parson (1909). His work consisted of 3
  propositions
• People are different from each other
• so are jobs
• It should be possible, by a study of both, to
  achieve a match between person and job

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• Seven point plan by Rogers(1952)
• Physical make up
• Attainment
• General intelligence
• Special aptitude
• Interest
• Disposition
• Circumstances

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Occupational choice theory of John Holland(1997)

• Theory states that
• People and occupational environment can be
  categorized into six interest type
• Realistic
• Investigative
• Artistic
• Social
• Enterprising
• conventional

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• 2.Occupational choice is the result of attempt to
  achieve congruence between interest and
  environment.
• 3.Congruence results from job satisfaction and
  stability

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Developmental theories

• Original stage theory of Donald Super(1957)
  portrayed career development as proceeding
  through five stages
• Growth
• Exploration- crystallization, specification,
  implementation
• Establishment- stabilizing, consolidating,
  advancing
• Maintenance- holding updating and innovating
• Disengagement- declaration, retirement planning,
  retirement living

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Opportunity structure theories (Ken Roberts-1997)

• If we accept the influence of social and
  opportunity structure on occupational entry , one
  obvious role of guidance is to attempt to
  lubricate the mechanism through which individual
  become allocated to jobs.
• Roberts more recent works shows that while life
  chances still become depended as ever on social
  class background and educational attainment,
  young peoples biographies have become more
  individualized and their future more uncertain
  as they experience more diversity in their
  employment pattern.

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Career management theories

• In Britain Herriot and Pemberton (1996) proposed
  a model which defines organizational career as
  the repeated negotiation of the psychological
  contract based on perceived match between the
  wants of each party(the individual the
  employer) and the other has to offer. Two kinds
  of contract result from these negotiation
  transaction, where there is simply an
  instrumental exchange between parties and
  rational where mutual commitment is implied.

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Career development theory (Kid 1998)

• Components
• Career decision making- relating self and
  opportunity awareness
• Career management- identity clarification and
  meta skills
• ongoing assessment of values and skills
• monitoring and exploring self and situation
• negotiating
• Career resilience- aptitude and emotion
• confidence , hope, emotion flexibility, self
  esteem, self reliance

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Career counseling process

• Building the relationship
• Enabling clients self understanding
• Exploring new perspectives
• Forming strategies and plans
• Evaluation of effectiveness of career works

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Principles of career counselling

• Effective counseling addresses the both normative
  aspects of counseling as well as non-normative
  influences
• Career counseling goes beyond the identification
  of career for which young people may be suitable.
  it also facilitates career preparation. Career
  preparation has 3 facets
• skills for decision making and taking personal
  responsibility.
• Skill literacy
• Career development bridge

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• Effective career counseling is tailored to suit
  the needs of the client
• Effective career counseling addresses career
  beliefs that influence the career preparation
  process.
• Effective career counseling provides input that
  would enhance career preparation self efficacy

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Counseling targets

• One aspect of counseling addresses the needs of
  those who are already in distress and manifesting
  the symptoms of emotional and mental upheaval.
• Second aspect is the prevention of emotional
  distress and promotion of personal effectiveness
  in clearly defined areas.

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Skills for career counselling

• Basic skills
• IPR
• Empathetic understanding
• Unconditional acceptance
• Providing an environment within which he she can
  discover himself/ herself

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• Career counseling relationship should help the
  career aspirants to deal with the following
  career development skills
• Identify personal interest and aptitude
• Understand personal beliefs and attitudes
• Learn about the world of work
• Match personal profile with the world of work
• Make career choices
• Develop and implement career plan

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Career counseling for individuals

• Stages
• The initiation stage
• The implementation stage
• closure

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Career couselling in groups

• Pre intervention stage
• Implementation stage
• Evaluation

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THANK YOU