vinod kumar cycle

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Cycles of Matter

• Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is
  recycled within and between ecosystems.
• These cycles are the water cycle, Nutrient Cycle,
  Carbon Cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle.

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Carbon Cycle
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Water Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Oxygen Carbon Cycle
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE (see fig.3-15)
PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT
LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA RNA)
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• Phosphorus (P) is another one of the essential
  elements that cycle through the ecosystem. It is
  an element that is found in the ground and then
  taken up by plants and animals.
• Phosphorus starts its existence as phosphate
  ions (PO4) in the rocks of the world. When it
  rains, the phosphates and other minerals are
  removed from the rocks and distributed in soils
  and the water all over the planet

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• Plants on land take in the inorganic (compounds
  without carbon) phosphorus compounds from the
  soil.
• The phosphorus atoms are then incorporated into
  many organic compounds that are used in cells.
• Animals can get their phosphorus by eating plants
  or drinking water.
• Algae and water plants are able to absorb the
  ions from the water. Unlike carbon and nitrogen,
  the phosphorus cycle is not a true cycle. There
  is a great deal of phosphorus lost.

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• Phosphorus has a tendency to wind up at the
  bottom of the ocean.
• Once at the bottom, the phosphate ions are lost
  to the world. Sometimes the phosphates are found
  in runoff water and go to the bottom and
  sometimes human poop contains phosphate and those
  phosphates are returned to the ocean.
• The problem is that all usable phosphorus
  sources are on the surface The atoms are useless
  once they reach the bottom of the ocean. Slowly
  but surely the surface of the Earth is running
  out of easy places to find phosphorus.

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• Why is there a sudden concern? Phosphorus only
  gets into the soil by the weathering process on
  rocks. When plants die in the natural world, the
  phosphates return to the soil. In farming, the
  crops are taken away and then over many years the
  soil runs out of phosphorus compounds. We have
  created a situation where we must artificially
  replenish the nutrients in the land. Phosphorus
  is heavily used in the farming industry and
  fertilizers filled with phosphates are used all
  over the world to help plants grow.

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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE (see fig.3-15)
PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT
LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA RNA)
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Phosphorus Cycle Terms

• Phosphate PO43-
• Weathering -The breakdown of rocks into smaller
  rocks and soil
• Sedimentation The act or process of depositing
  sediment.
• Geological uplift - lift up from the earth, as by
  geologic forces makes mountains

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The Carbon Cycle
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The geological carbon cycle

• The geological component of the carbon cycle is
  where it interacts with the rock cycle in the
  processes of weathering and dissolution,
  precipitation of minerals, burial and subduction,
  and volcanism.

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Draw the cycle on the board

• In the atmosphere, carbonic acid forms by a
  reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)
  and water.
• As this weakly acidic water reaches the earth as
  rain, it reacts with minerals at the earths
  surface, slowly dissolving them into their
  component ions through the process of chemical
  weathering.

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• These component ions are carried in surface
  waters like streams and rivers eventually to the
  ocean, where they precipitate out as minerals
  like calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
• Through continued deposition and burial, this
  carbonate sediment forms the rock called
  limestone (Carbonate formation).

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• This cycle continues as seafloor spreading pushes
  the seafloor under continental margins in the
  process of subduction.
• As seafloor carbon is pushed deeper into the
  earth by tectonic forces, it heats up, eventually
  melts, and can rise back up to the surface, where
  it is released as CO2 and returned to the
  atmosphere.

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The Biological carbon cycle
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The Biological carbon cycle

• Biology plays an important role in the movement
  of carbon between land, ocean, and atmosphere
  through the processes of photosynthesis and
  respiration.
• Virtually all multicellular life on Earth depends
  on the production of sugars from sunlight and
  carbon dioxide (photosynthesis) and the metabolic
  breakdown (respiration) of those sugars to
  produce the energy needed for movement, growth,
  and reproduction.

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• Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
  atmosphere during photosynthesis, and release CO2
  back into the atmosphere during respiration
  through the following chemical reactions
• RespirationC6H12O6 (organic matter) 6O2
  6CO2 6 H2O energy
• Photosynthesisenergy (sunlight) 6CO2 H2O
  C6H12O6 6O2

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• Through photosynthesis, green plants use solar
  energy to turn atmospheric carbon dioxide into
  carbohydrates (sugars). Plants and animals use
  these carbohydrates (and other products derived
  from them) through a process called respiration,
  the reverse of photosynthesis

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• Respiration releases the energy contained in
  sugars for use in metabolism and changes
  carbohydrate fuel back into carbon dioxide,
  which is in turn released to back to the
  atmosphere.
• Carbon dioxide is produced by all animals,
  plants, fungi and microorganisms during
  respiration and is used by plants during
  photosynthesis

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The Carbon Cycle
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• Carbon dioxide is produced by all animals,
  plants, fungi and microorganisms during
  respiration and is used by plants during
  photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide is generated as a by-product of
  the combustion of fossil fuels or the burning of
  vegetable matter, among other chemical processes.
  
• Contributes to Global warming!!!

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Carbon Cycle Terms

• Carbon dioxide CO2 what we breathe out
• Oxygen O2 what plants produce through
  photosynthesis need it to breathe
• Photosynthesis plants make carbohydrates from
  carbon dioxide and water

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• Respiration - The act of inhaling and exhaling
  air in order to exchange oxygen for carbon
  dioxide.
• Decomposition to break down decompose
• Volcanic Activity volcano releasing CO2
• Carbonate formation formation of carbonate
  rocks like limestone

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• Combustion burning fossil fuels to release
  energy
• Carbonate A group of minerals, all containing
  the carbonate radical (CO32-)

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View Carbon cycle animation

• carbon_cycle_version2.swf

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THE NITROGEN CYCLE
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• All life requires nitrogen-compounds, e.g.,
  proteins and nucleic acids.
• Air, which is 79 nitrogen gas (N2), is the major
  reservoir of nitrogen.
• But most organisms cannot use nitrogen in this
  form.
• Plants must secure their nitrogen in "fixed"
  form, i.e., incorporated in compounds such as
• nitrate ions (NO3-)
• ammonia (NH3)
• urea (NH2)2CO
• Animals secure their nitrogen (and all other)
  compounds from plants (or animals that have fed
  on plants).

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• Four processes participate in the cycling of
  nitrogen through the biosphere
• nitrogen fixation
• decay
• nitrification
• denitrification
• Microorganisms play major roles in all four of
  these.

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• Nitrogen Fixation
• The nitrogen molecule (N2) is quite inert. To
  break it apart so that its atoms can combine with
  other atoms requires the input of substantial
  amounts of energy.
• Three processes are responsible for most of the
  nitrogen fixation in the biosphere
• atmospheric fixation by lightning
• biological fixation by certain microbes alone
  or in a symbiotic relationship with some plants
  and animals
• industrial fixation

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• Atmospheric Fixation
• The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen
  molecules and enables their atoms to combine with
  oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxides. These
  dissolve in rain, forming nitrates, that are
  carried to the earth.

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• Biological Fixation
• The ability to fix nitrogen is found only in
  certain bacteria some of which live in a
  symbiotic relationship with plants or animals.
• Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the
  soil.
• Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to
  maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic
  environments like rice paddies.

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Decay

• The proteins made by plants enter and pass
  through food webs just as carbohydrates do. At
  each trophic level, their metabolism produces
  organic nitrogen compounds that return to the
  environment, chiefly in excretions. The final
  beneficiaries of these materials are
  microorganisms of decay. They break down the
  molecules in excretions and dead organisms into
  ammonia.

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Nitrification

• Ammonia (NH3)can be taken up directly by plants
  usually through their roots. However, most of the
  ammonia produced by decay is converted into
  nitrates. This is accomplished in two steps
• Bacteria oxidize Ammonia to nitrites (NO2-) which
  are oxidized into nitrates (NO3-).

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Denitrification

• Denitrification - anaerobic bacteria reduce
  nitrates to nitrogen gas, thus replenishing the
  atmosphere.

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Nitrogen Cycle Terms

• Nitrate NO3-
• Nitrite NO2-
• Ammonium NH4
• Nitrogen Gas N2
• Nitrogen fixation -How nitrogen gets "fixed" by
  bacteria to become available for plants on earth
• Bacteria -are single-celled microorganisms
• Lightning - electrical storms

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• Nitrification - the biological oxidation of
  ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the
  oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates
• Denitrification- bacteria break down nitrates to
  give nitrogen gas, which returns to the
  atmosphere
• Decomposition breaking down dead material

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Nitrogen cycle animation

• ncycle1.swf