Non-State Actors and Governance

1
Non-State Actors and Governance
2
Transnational Non-State Actors

• Transnational actors
• actors acting ACROSS state borders
• Transnational politics
• interaction across state borders outside the
  central control of foreign policy organs (Nye,
  224)
• Examples?

3
The Power of Numbers

• International NGOs
• 1964 1,470
• 1972 2173
• 1985 14,000
• 2003 24,000
• Source Yearbook of International Organizations
• Example Green Peace offices in 37 countries

4
The Power of Information and Technology

• The Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI)
• Rules to facilitate international investments
• Negotiated under the Organization of Economic
  Cooperation and Development (OECD)
• Public Citizen
• Campaign against MAI
• Treaty abandoned

5
The Power of the Media

• Aljazeera

• Save the Whales campaign
• Most whaling states stopped whaling
• Ban on commercial whaling

6
The Power of Resources

• Sales of select MNCs ()
• Wall-Mart 219.8bn
• GM 177.2bn
• RD Shell 135.2bn
• Toyota MC 120.8bn
• IBM 85.7bn
• PepsiCo 26.9bn
• Greenpeace 0.157bn
• Source Nye 2004, 10 on business, GGYB on
  Greenpeace

• GDP of select countries ()
• Saudi Arabia 242bn
• Ukraine 218 bn
• Denmark 155.5 bn
• Chile 151 bn
• Norway 143 bn
• Iraq 58 bn
• Dominican R 53 bn
• Bulgaria 50.6 bn
• Gambia 2.6 bn
• Congo 2.5 bn
• Suriname 1.5 bn
• Belize 1.28 bn
• Source 2003 CIA fact book,

7
The Backlash

• -Disproportionate power of transnational actors
• -support corrupt governments
• -disproportionate share of benefits
• -no accountability
• -International institutions favor markets at
  expense of other values
• -Race to the bottom
• -Poverty and inequality staggering
• 1.3bn live on 1/day
• half of global population on 2/day

8

• New Modes of Governance

9
The Civilization Approach
10
Multi-Level Governance
International Institutions WB, UN, WTO, IMF, UNEP
Transnational Network Governance Private Trans-Gov
ernmental Public-Private
National and Local Institutions
11
Private Governance Corporate Social
Responsibility

• Codes of conduct
• Sullivan Principles
• Triple Bottom Line reporting
• Financial
• Social
• Environmental
• Example Shell

12
Trends in business self-regulation and corporate
responsibility
13
Private Governance Certification

• Code of rules, principles, guidelines, reporting,
  monitoring mechanism against which processes are
  products are compared and certified
• Labeling to make consumer aware
• Fair Trade

14
Certification Fair Trade

• Equal Exchange Organization provides fair trade
  certification
• Organic certification
• Shade grown coffee
• Good Coffee, Good Business

15
Trans-Governmental NetworksThe New World Order?

• Bureaucratic cooperation among specialized
  government agencies and institutions
• Not necessarily guided by the foreign policy
  establishment

16
Trans-Governmental Networks

• Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission (1995-98)
• U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and
  Technical Assistance
• Managing and securing nuclear material
• Transfer of know how and assistance

17
Trans-Governmental Networks

• Cities for Climate Change
• 579 cities participate, 8 of global CO2 emission
• Adopt GHG reduction policies
• Baseline emissions inventory
• Adopt emissions reduction target
• Develop local action plan
• Implement action plan
• Monitor progress and report it
• Win-win energy savings CO2 emission reductions
• US cities savings for 1999 70mn.

18
The Persistent Importance of StatesTop
Contributors to GHG Emissions
19
Public-Private Partnerships

• "The United Nations once dealt only with
  governments. By now we know that peace and
  prosperity cannot be achieved without
  partnerships involving governments, international
  organizations, the business community and civil
  society. In today's world, we depend on each
  other."
• Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

20
The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
(GAVI)

• GAVI Partners
• The Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
• WHO
• UNICEF
• The World Bank Group
• Developing Country Governments
• Nongovernmental Organization
• Industrialized Country Governments
• Research Institutes
• Vaccine Industry-Industrialized Country
• Technical Health Institutes
• Vaccine Industry-Developing Country

21
GAVI Financial Contributions
22
GAVI Results 2000-2005

• 13 million children reached with basic vaccines 
• 135 million children reached with new vaccines
• Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine in GAVI-eligible
  countries 66 (was 20 in 2000)

23
The Demand and Supply of Public-Private
Partnerships
Transnational Interests
Governance Gaps
Agency State Interests
24
Concluding Questions

• Why get involved in transnational governance?
• Is transnational governance effective?
• Is transnational governance legitimate?
• Does transnational governance strengthen or
  undermine the state?
• What is the future of international organizations?