Title: Vegetable Selection and Improvement
1Vegetable Selection andImprovement
- Dr. Patti Nagai,
- Karen Delahaut
- And Others
- UW-Extension
2Vegetable Gardens
- Garden for home food
- Garden for supplemental income
- Garden to help others-pantries
- Garden for fresher produce
- Garden for organic produce
- Garden for specialty crops
- Number 1 hobby activity
3Flowers to Fruit
Pumpkin
Female
Male
4Flowers to Fruit
Female
Male
Kernels of Corn
5Flowers to Fruit
some vegetables prefer privacy
bean
tomato
pepper
eggplant
tomatillo
6Asparagus Facts
- Family Liliaceae
- Type Perennial
- Native Europe and Western Asia
- America Introduced in 1600s
- Folk Medicinal Use Jaundice
- Nutritional Value
- 5 spears 25 calories
- Vitamin A 10 Vitamin C 15 Calcium 2 Iron 2
- Fat 0g Sodium 0mg Carbohydrates 4g Protein 2g
7Asparagus Culture
- Trench 6 - 8 inches
- Use Compost
- Cover as spears elongate
- Harvest 2nd year
- Fertilize after harvest
8Rhubarb (Home Garden Perennial)
- Rhubarb (Home Garden Perennial)
- Cool season
- Perennial vegetable
- Grown for leafstalks
- Leafstalk is edible
- Leaves contain oxalic acid (should not be eaten)
- Contain Vit. C
9Rhubarb Cultivars and Care
- MacDonald
- Valentine
- Victoria
- Canada Red
- Chipman
- Crimson Red
- Ruby
- Sunrise
- Cherry Red
- Well drained soil
- Raised bed
- Deep bed preparation
- Full sun
- Set crown 1 inch deep
- Do not harvest first year
- Heavy feeder, spring application of compost or ½
cup of 5-10-10
10Tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum
- Family Solanaceae
- Native to the Andes of South America
- Introduced to Europe in 1500s
- Believed to be poisonous until 1700s
- Tomatine in green tissue
- Tender, warm season annual
11- 2nd most popular vegetable behind potatoes
- Salsa is the most popular condiment, surpassing
ketchup. - Red, pink, yellow, orange, white, purple
12Determinate vs. Indeterminate
- Determinate
- 3 to 4 ft tall
- Plant ends in flower bud
- Indeterminate
- 7 to 15 ft tall
- Plant never ends, remains vegetative
- Forms flowers in leaf axils
- Cherry and pear tomatoes
- 1 plant can produce 10-50 lb fruit/season
13Cultivar Selection
- Cherry Pear
- (L. cerasiforme-cherry pyriforme-pear)
- Smaller (½ dia.), sweeter tomatoes
- Produce about 100 fruit/plant
- Sweet 100
- Yellow Pear
- Sweet Million
- Roma
- Paste or processing tomatoes
- Roma VF
- Viva Italia
- Amish Paste
- Beefsteak
- Larger tomatoes for fresh slicing
- Higher ratio of cell wall to pulp short, soft
core - Big Boy
- Better Boy
- Early Girl
- Heirloom
- Older, open pollinated varieties
- Brandywine
- Black Krim
- Hungarian Heart
14Tomato Culture
- Self fertile, wind-pollinated flowers.
- Starts seeds indoors 4-6 weeks before last frost
- Plant transplants 18-24 inches apart in rows 3-4
feet apart - Night temperature critical 60 - 70ºF
- Temps set cat-facing
15Staking or Trellising
16Harvesting Tomatoes
- Ripe, well-formed, blemish free
- Heirloom beefsteak tomatoes will be irregular
in shape - Never refrigerate tomatoes wont fully develop
flavor after harvest - Ripen unripe fruit in a paper bag out of direct
sunlight - Freeze, dehydrate, or can to preserve the summer
flavor
17Peppers Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens - Tabasco
- Family Solanaceae
- Originated in Central America
- Came to United States in 1700s
- Black white pepper used as seasoning is Piper
nigrum. - Tender, herbaceous perennials grown as annuals.
- Lance-shaped leaves perfect, white flowers.
18Cultivar Selection-Hot
- Anaheim 500-2,500
- (mild, chile rellenos)
- Ancho/Poblano 1,000-1,500
- (mild, roasted, stuffed, mole)
- Cayenne 30,000-50,000
- (medium hot, Cajun Indian food)
- Habanero 150,000-300,000
- (hottest of all, salsas hot sauces)
- Jalapeno 2,500-5,000
- (medium hot, salsas salads)
- Pequin 50,000-100,000
- Serrano 10,000-20,000
- (fiercely hot, roasted for salsa)
- Thai 30,000-100,000
- (fiercely hot, Asian stir fry)
19Cultivar Selection - Sweet
- Sweet
- Bell
- Early Crisp
- Gypsy
- Lady Bell
- Purple Beauty
- Banana
- Banana Supreme
- Bananarama
- Cherry
- Cherry Pick
- Cubanelle
- Key Largo
- Hungarian
- Pimiento
- Antohi Romanian
- Round of Hungary
- Red Ruffled Pimiento
- Tabasco
20Pepper Culture
- Start seed indoors 6-8 weeks before the last
frost - Harden off transplants before setting out.
- Plant 18-24 inches apart in the row.
- Warm season
- Grow best 70-80F day 65-70F night.
- Blossom abortion, poor fruit set, shortened
fruit, lack of color. - Capsanthin chemical that causes peppers to
ripen - Moist soil - mulch is beneficial.
21Harvesting Peppers
- Harvest immature or mature.
- Chili or cayenne peppers can be dried.
- Avoid harvesting peppers with sunken brown spots.
- Store fresh peppers in the vegetable crisper
section of the refrigerator.
22Eggplant Solanum melogena
- A.K.A. Aubergine
- Family Solanaceae
- Tender, warm-season perennial grown as an annual
- Native to India China ancient Asian vegetable
- America Introduced early as ornamental
23Cultivar Selection
- Fruit may be oval, oblong, or round.
- Color ranges from purple-black, to green, pink,
white, red or yellow. - Asian
- Ichiban
- Orient Express
- American (oval)
- Black Beauty
- Purple Rain
24Eggplant Culture
- Indeterminate, erect bush
- Flowers borne singly or in clusters in leaf axils
- Start seed indoors 10-12 weeks before last frost
- Very susceptible to chilling
- 75-85F day 65-75F night
- Best if planted on black plastic mulch
25Harvesting Eggplant
- Harvest eggplant approximately 25-40 days after
pollination. - Fruit should be glossy and deeply colored and
feel heavy for its size. - Mature fruit will have a dull skin and flesh will
be bitter. - No such thing as male and female fruit!
- Fruit with oval dimples on the blossom end will
have fewer seeds and are less meaty but this is
not related to gender. - Clip fruit from the plant to avoid damage
26Beans Phaseolus vulgaris P. linensis
- Family Fabaceae (Leguminoseae)
- Native to Central America.
- Warm season, herbaceous annual.
27Cultivar Selection
- Bush
- Erect plant, usually short season
- Blue Lake
- Bush Romano
- Royal Burgundy (purple)
- Goldmine (wax)
- Lima
- Climbing or bush forms.
- Heat tolerant
- Pole
- Twining type of bean, usually matures later but
harvest time is longer - Kentucky Blue
- Kentucky Wonder Wax
- Scarlet Runner
28Bean Culture
- Plant beans after the last expected frost in warm
soil, 50ºF. - Soak seed for an hour before planting to enhance
germination. - May need inoculum in new gardens.
- Plant seed 1 to 2 inches deep.
- Well-drained soils.
- Replant mid-summer for fall crop.
- Little or no nitrogen fertilizer required.
- Pole beans will require staking or some form of
support.
29Harvesting Beans
- Harvest beans 14-18 days after full bloom.
- Should be sweet, tender and uniform size.
- Store in the refrigerator under high humidity.
30Peas Pisum sativum
- Family Fabaceae (Leguminoseae)
- Native to middle Asia
- Field peas are native to Africa.
- Cool season, herbaceous annual.
- Classified by growth habit, pod appearance, seed
color, and starch/sugar content.
31Cultivar Selection
- Snap or Edible Pod eaten when immature
- Sugar Snap
- Super Sugar Snap
- Field Peas
- Black-eyed
- Clay grow well in clay soils
- Crowder crowd the peas in the pod
- Iron rusty red
- Pink-eyed pink central ring
- White Acre
- Zipper unzip themselves from pod
- Garden Peas
- Early Frosty
- Maestro
- Wando
- Garden Sweet
- Spring
- Snow Peas eaten when half mature
- Mammoth Melting Sugar
- Oregon Sugar Pod II
- Snowbird
32Pea Culture
- Plant as early as April 15th in southern WI.
- Preparing the planting site the previous fall
will prevent planting delays. - Sandy, well-drained soils are best.
- Soak seeds for 1 hour prior to planting to speed
germination. - Space 1-2 inches apart in the row.
- Support with a trellis or twine.
33Harvesting Peas
- Harvest peas 3 weeks after full bloom.
- Plump enough to shell garden peas easily.
- Dont allow to get over ripe.
- Store at 35-40F under high humidity.
34Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata, tuba,
sabauda
- Family Brassicaceae
- (Cruciferae)
- Native to Europe Asia.
- Hardy, cool season herbaceous biennial
- First to evolve from wild broccoli.
- Heads may be pointed, conical, oblong, round, or
flattened. - Leaves may be smooth or savoy green, red, or
purple. - Alaskan-grown kraut cabbage heads may be 60lbs
each! - Isothiocyanates give cole crops their distinct
flavor.
35Cultivar Selection
- Cultivars based on color and type
- Savoy Express (savoy)
- Ruby Perfection (red)
- Earliana (early green)
- Salad Delight (red)
36Cabbage Culture
- Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last
frost. - Slowly acclimate transplants before setting
outside permanently. - Sow seed directly for fall crops 10-12 weeks
before killing frost.
37Harvesting Cabbage
- Harvest when heads are firm and before heads
split. - Cut with a sharp knife just above the root crown.
- Dont wash prior to storage.
- Store in refrigerator with or without a plastic
bag.
38Broccoli Brassica oleracea var italica
- Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
- Native to Europe Asia.
- Hardy, cool season, herbaceous annual.
- E1st crop to evolve from wild cabbage.
- Head comprised of functional flower buds.
- Sprouting heading varieties.
39Cultivar Selection
- Calabrese or Italian Green
- Packman
- Green Goliath
- Purple Sprouting
- Romanesco forms spiral-shaped heads
- Minaret
40Broccoli Culture
- Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last
frost. - Slowly acclimate transplants before setting
outside permanently. - Sow seed directly for fall crops 10-12 weeks
before killing frost. - Temperatures below 40F will cause chilling
injury.
41Harvesting Broccoli
- Harvest when heads are firm and florets havent
begun to open. - Retain 2-4 inches of stem when cutting.
- Cut sprouting broccoli just below the floret to
stimulate new shoots. - Cool immediately after harvest.
- Dont wash prior to refrigeration.
42Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
- Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
- Native to Europe Asia
- Hardy, cool season herbaceous biennial.
- Evolved from sprouting broccoli.
- Winter and late-season types have curds
consisting of functional flower buds. - Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli.
43Cultivar Selection
- Snowball types most common
- Snow Queen
- Early White
- First White
- Snow Crown
- Specialty
- Violet Queen (purple)
- Cheddar (orange)
- Panther (green)
44Cauliflower Culture
- Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last
frost. - Needs a long, cool growing season.
- Sow seed directly for fall crops 10-12 weeks
before killing frost.
- Prolonged temperatures below 50F will induce
bolting. - Hot summer temps will cause poor curd quality.
- Tie cauliflower leaves together to blanch the
curds. - Heads develop in 3-14 days after tying depending
on the temperature so check every other day.
45Cauliflower Problems
- Browning of the curds is caused by boron
deficiency or unavailability in high pH soils. - Ricing is when curds become velvety and is caused
by high nitrogen and temperatures that result in
rapid head formation. - Blindness is when no curd is formed due to poor
fertility, insect damage, disease, heredity, or
cold. - Stressed plants may form small, button heads.
46Harvesting Cauliflower
- Harvest when curds are compact and surrounded by
leaves. - Retain enough wrapper leaves to hold heads
intact. - Wrap in a damp cloth and refrigerate immediately.
47Kohlrabi Culture
- Brassicacea family
- Cool season
- Frost tolerant
- Plant early or late
- Harvest when young and tender
48Other Cole Crops
- Brussels sprouts
- B. oleracae var. gemmifera
- Kalewavy leaves, more cold tolerant
- Collardssmooth leaves
- B. oleracea var. gongyloides
- Chinese Cabbage
- B. oleracea var. pekinensis
- Bok Choy
49Collards and Kale
50Carrots Daucus carota var. sativus
- Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
- Originated in Afghanistan possibly northern
Iran Pakistan. - Introduced in America in the 1700s.
- Biennial, grown as an annual.
- White, purple, yellow, orange, and red varieties.
51Carrot Facts
- Type Biennial
- Native Europe and Western Asia
- America Introduced in 1700s
- Folk Medicinal Use seeds - birth control
- Nutritional Value
- 7 inches 35 calories
- Vitamin A 270 Vitamin C 10 Calcium 2 Iron 0
- Fat 0g Sodium 40mg Carbohydrates 8g Protein
1g
52Carrot Pigments
Xanthophyll
Anthocyanin
Beta carotene
Lycopene
53Cultivar Selection
- Danvers
- Medium to long with broad shoulders and sharp
taper - Orange tinged with green
- Processed into baby food
- Imperator
- More slender and slightly longer than Danvers
type - Deep orange cortex with lighter core
- Fresh Market
- Nantes
- Short, cylindrical with no taper, and a blunt,
rounded base - Bright orange
- Primary home garden carrot
- Chantenay
- Medium to short with a slight taper and blunt end
- Grown for storage or processing
- Medium to light orange
54Carrot Culture
- Sow ¼ inch deep in loose soil free of debris
rocks. - Thin to 1-3 inches apart in the row.
- Well-drained soil.
- Replant mid-summer for extra sweet fall carrots.
- Will produce a flower stalk if exposed to temps
of 50F for 6-8 weeks particularly under long
days.
55Harvesting Carrots
- Harvest when they are sweet and before they
become woody - Carrots with large shoulders are often woody
- Wash well before storing in a plastic bag in the
refrigerator
56Radishes Raphanus sativus
- Family Brassicaceae
- Native to China.
- Leaves deeply pinnate arising from a basal
rosette. Edible. - Roots can be round, oval, cylindrical, or
icicle-shaped. - Bolt under long day conditions.
- Insect pollinated.
57Cultivar Selection
- Bred for taste, bolt resistance, disease
resistance, appearance. - Cultivars are based on season grown
- Spring-type
- Cherry Belle
- Early Scarlet Globe
- Summer
- French Breakfast
- Snow Belle (white)
- White Icicle (white)
- Red Meat
- Winter (var. longipinnatus)
- April Cross
- Round Black Spanish
- Daikons
- Chinese White
- China Rose
58Radish Culture
- Plant before the last frost in spring and sow
every 10-14 days to extend the harvest. - Plant 1 inch apart in the row with rows 1 foot
apart for spring radishes and 2 inches apart in
the row for winter radishes. - Raised beds will promote rapid development of
spring radishes - Consider interplanting spring radishes with
other, later maturing crops.
59Harvesting Radishes
- Spring radishes are harvested 20-25 days after
seeding when - Winter radishes are harvested 50-60 days after
planting.
60Beets Beta vulgaris
- Family Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family).
- Grown for their roots and edible greens.
- Native to western Europe north Africa.
- Selected from ancient European species.
- Originally fed to livestock - mangels.
- Biennial grown as an annual.
- Contain betacyanin and betaxanthin.
- High in carbohydrates.
61Cultivar Selection
- Based on color, shape use
- Red, yellow, purple, white, striped.
- Top-shaped, globe-shaped, flattened, elongated.
- Slicing, bunching, storage.
- Big Red
- Burpee Golden
- Chioggia (striped)
- Cylindra
- Detroit Dark Red
- Detroit Supreme
- Lutz
- Ruby Queen (bunching type)
62Beet Culture
- Temperatures of 55-70F produce rapid growth and
good flavor. - Zoning comes from temperature fluctuations.
- Space seed 2-4 inches apart in double rows with
rows 15-30 inches apart. - Sow every 2-3 weeks apart to extend the season.
63Harvesting Beets
- Harvest when beets are round and tender. Old,
large roots can be fibrous. - 50-60 days after planting.
- May store for up to 6 months in the refrigerator.
64Garlic Allium sativum
- Family Alliaceae
- Native to Middle Asia.
- 1st cultivated 5,000 years ago.
- Introduced to America in the 1700s.
- Herbaceous, cool-season, perennial.
- Comprised of multiple cloves.
- Only hardneck varieties produce flowers.
65Cultivar Selection
- Hardneck
- Rocambole
- Killarney Red
- Spanish Roja
- Purple Stripe
- Chesnok Red
- Siberian
- Porcelain
- Music
- Northern White
- Softneck
- Artichoke
- California White
- Inchelium Red
- Silverskin
- Silver Rose
- Silver White
- Elephant garlic is not a garlic but a form of
leek!
66Garlic Culture
- Plant cloves in early fall 6 weeks before the
ground freezes - Larger cloves produce larger bulbs
- Well-drained soil
- Mulch with straw after the ground freezes
- Remove the flower stalk of hardneck garlic when
it forms a circle
67Harvesting Garlic
- Harvest garlic when 2/3 of the tops turn brown -
9 months after planting. - Cure for 30 days in a warm, dry place.
- Hardneck garlic will last for 3-6 months.
- Softneck garlic lasts for 6-9 months.
68Onions Allium cepa
- Family Alliaceae
- Native to Southern Asia
- Introduced to America in the 1400s
- Herbaceous biennial grown as an annual.
- Bulb is comprised of fleshy basal leaves.
- Contains glucose, fructose, sucrose no starch
69Cultivar Selection
- Green onions (A. cepa) immature true onions
harvested before bulbs form. - Scallions or bunching onions (A. cepa) never form
a bulb. - Multiplier onions form 4-5 bulbs enclosed in a
single leaf sheath. - Shallots (A. cepa) develop a small cluster of
bulbs and are more subtle in flavor. - Pearl onions (A. ampeloprasum) form only one
storage leaf. - Cipollini onions are small, sweet, early onions.
70Onion Culture
- Plant seeds, sets, or transplants.
- Sets may flower if summer is cool.
- Transplant once frost is out of the ground
about 4 weeks before the last spring frost. - Do not allow the soil to dry out.
- Weeds can be a problem in onions and garlic.
71Harvesting Onions
- Harvest green onions when the tops are 6 and
½-1 in diameter. - Harvest bulb onions when 50-75 of the tops fall
over. - Cure bulb onions at 85-90F for 10 days
- Store at 35-40?F for 3-4 months.
72Leeks Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum
- Family Alliaceae
- Native to the Mediterranean.
- Herbaceous, cool-season biennial grown as an
annual. - Non-bulbing unless daylength exceeds 19 hours.
- Milder flavor than onions.
73Cultivar Selection
- Bred for size and shape of the stalk, hardiness,
disease resistance, and early maturity - American Flag
- Giant Musselburg
- King Richard
- Otina
- Pancho
74Leek Culture
- Plant leek seed indoors around Feb. 15.
- Transplant in mid-April or 4 weeks before the
last frost date. - Plant in holes 5-6 inches deep and fill in holes
to blanch. - Long season require 120-150 days to harvest.
75Harvesting Leeks
- Harvest when1 ¼ -3 inches thick.
- May mulch heavily and harvest into winter.
- Trim roots, green leaves and wash before storing
in the refrigerator for up to 2 months.
76Melon Cucumis melo Citrullus lanatus
- Watermelon leaves are heart-shaped with 3-7
lobes. - Plants are monoecious can be self or cross
pollinated.
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Native to Africa
- Introduced to America in 1400s.
- Warm season, herbaceous annual.
- May be determinate or indeterminate.
- Melon leaves are oval to kidney-shaped with 5-7
lobes. - Melons can only cross-pollinate with members of
the same species.
77Pollination in the Garden
- Cucurbit flowers may be perfect (have male and
female parts) or imperfect (have only one or the
other). - Male flowers produced early in the season
(daylength 14 hrs.) - Female flowers begin to show up along with the
males around the summer solstice - And male flowers predominate in August until
frost - Genetics, day length, and temperature determine
what gender of flowers are produced
78Cultivar Selection
- Muskmelon Reticulatus group
- Magnifisweet
- Athena
- Super Sun
- Sweet Early
- Honeydew
- Inodorus group
- Super Dew
- Early Crisp
- Venus
- Watermelon
- Yellow Doll
- Crimson Sweet
- Bush Sugar Baby
- Moon Stars
79Melon Culture
- Require 90-125 days to produce a crop.
- Seed at ½ to 1 inch depth, 5 ft centers.
- Dont transplant well.
- Chilling sensitive.
- Require warm, sunny weather to produce sweet
fruit. - Moist, well-drained soil.
- Best grown on plastic mulch.
- Bees essential for good fruit set.
- Only allow 1-2 fruits to develop per plant.
80Harvesting Melons
- Harvest muskmelons at full-slip.
- Cool immediately to prevent deterioration.
- Observe the ground patch on watermelon to
determine when to harvest it will become white
to creamy yellow. - Wipe watermelon clean with a damp cloth and store
in a cool location.
81Cucumber Cucumis sativus
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Native to India
- Warm season, herbaceous annual.
- May be determinate or indeterminate.
- Leaves and stems are spiny.
- Leaves are triangular with rounded lobes with the
middle lobe longer. - Self-pollinated.
- Cucurbitacin is what causes people to have
difficulty digesting cucumbers.
- Gynoecious all female. Need 1 male plant to
pollinate. - Parthenocarpic self-fertile doesnt require
pollination. - Requires isolation from other fruit to avoid
pollination to provide seedless fruit.
82Cultivar Selection
- Slicing (long and tapered with smooth, glossy
green skin and few spines) - Marketmore
- Orient Express
- Sweet Success
- Tasty Green
- Spacemaster
- Pickling (blunt, angular, warty, light green,
spiny) - Homemade Pickles
- Pickalot
- Gherkin (small, oval, prickly)
83Cucumber Culture
- Plant seeds 1-1½ inches deep and 8-12 inches
apart - Require soil temperatures of 60F
- Dont transplant well
- Trellis on strong wire mesh to save space
84Harvesting Cucumbers
- Harvest slicing cucumbers when they are 6-8
inches long (typically 12 days after
pollination). - Oversized (yellow) fruit left on the plant will
prevent subsequent fruit from developing will
have large seeds. - Wipe clean with a damp cloth and store uncut in
the refrigerator.
85Summer Squash Cucurbita pepo
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Native to the Americas
- Warm season, frost tender, herbaceous annual.
- May be determinate or indeterminate.
- Leaves are 3-lobed or entire.
- Plants are monoecious.
- Thin-skinned, eaten when immature.
- Blossoms are edible.
86Cultivar Selection
- Crookneck
- Horn of Plenty
- Pic-n-Pic
- Early Golden Crookneck
- Scallop or Patty Pan
- Scallopini
- Butter Scallop
- Peter Pan
- Zucchini
- Aristocrat
- Spineless Beauty
- Roly Poly
- Straightneck
- Butterstick
- Gold Bar
- Sunray
- Saffron
87Winter Squash Cucurbita maxima, pepo, moschata
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Native to Americas
- Warm season, herbaceous annual.
- May be determinate or indeterminate.
- Leaves are 3-lobed or entire.
- Plants are monoecious.
- Can cross pollinate with other cultivars of the
same species. - Hard rinds make them good for storage.
88Cultivar Selection
- Acorn (C. pepo)
- Green or gold deeply ribbed.
- Cream of the Crop
- Ebony Sweet Acorn
- Table Ace
- Table Queen
- Buttercup (C. maxima)
- Medium-dark green splotched with grey.
- Autumn Cup
- Butternut (C. moschata)
- Orange flesh, tan skin, bulbous base.
- Autumn Glow
- Early Butternut
- Waltham
- Delicata (C. pepo)
- Cornells Bush Delicata
- Hubbard (C. maxima)
- Medium, blue-gray with bumpy skin.
- Blue Hubbard
- Kabocha (C. maxima)
- Ambercup
- Sweet Mama
- Spaghetti (C. maxima)
- Oval with golden yellow skin.
- Pasta Hybrid
- Vegetable Spaghetti
- Turks Turban (C. maxima)
- Green, turban-shaped, striped with red, white,
orange.
89Squash Culture
- Seed early and plant 1 inch deep 4 feet apart.
- Moist soil
- Warm season 65-75F.
- Mulch. Reflective mulch may repel insects.
- Bees essential.
- Bush-type or vining plants.
- Shallow roots irrigate.
90Harvesting Squash
- Harvest the first summer squash 7-8 weeks after
seeding when fruit are 2-3 inches in diameter and
7 inches long. - Handle summer squash gently as it bruises easily.
- Refrigerate for up to 1 week.
- Winter squash is harvested 3-4 months after
planting. - Harvest winter squash before a hard frost.
- Outer skin of winter squash should resist
fingernail pressure. - Cure winter squash by exposing them to 80F temps
for 7-10 days. - Store at 40-45F for up to 2-3 months.
91Cucurbit Taxonomy
- Cucurbita pepo
- Acorn
- Delicata
- Jack-o-lantern
- Pie pumpkins
- Patty pan squash
- Small gourds
- Summer squash
- Zucchini
- Cucurbita maxima
- Banana
- Buttercup
- Hubbard
- Kabocha
- Large gourds
- Turks turban
- Huge pumpkins
- Cucurbita moschata
- ButterNUT
92Pumpkins Cucurbita pepo (Jack-O-Lantern pie),
maxima (giants)
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Native to Americas
- Warm season, frost-tender, herbaceous annual.
- May be determinate or indeterminate.
- Leaves are 3-lobed and may be deeply indented.
- Plants are monoecious.
- Can cross pollinate with other cultivars of the
same species. - Mammoth pumpkins are related to Hubbard squash
and are pinkish-orange in color.
93Cultivar Selection
- Based on
- Shape
- Size
- Color
- Flesh quality (pie)
94Pumpkin Cultivars
- Miniature
- Baby Bear
- Baby Boo
- Jack-Be-Little
- Munchkin
- Spooktacular
- Small
- Mystic Plus
- New England Pie
- Schooltime
- Touch of Autumn
- Medium
- Autumn Gold
- Casper
- Gold Standard
- Ghostrider
- Lunina
- Magic Lantern
- Rouge Vif dEtampes
- Small Sugar
- Spirit
- Trick or Treat
- Large
- Atlantic Giant
- Connecticut Field
- Howden
- Prizewinner
95Pumpkin Culture
- Dont plant before May 20 in southern WI and up
to 2 weeks later in the north. - Plant 1-1 ½inches deep 3-5 feet apart in the row
with rows 4-6 feet apart . - Moist soil.
- Warm season 65-75F.
- Mulch.
- Bees essential.
- Shallow roots irrigate.
- Hand pollinate giant pumpkins so they set fruit
early. - Only allow 2 fruit per plant to develop.
96Harvesting Pumpkins
- Harvest 3-4 months after planting.
- Outer skin should resist fingernail pressure.
- Leave a 3 handle.
- Cure by exposing them to temps of 80F for 7-10
days. - Store at 40-45F for up to 2-3 months.
97Lettuce Lactuca sativa
- Family Asteraceae
- Native to the Mediterranean Basin
- Herbaceous annual
- Cool season, long day plant
98Cultivar Selection
- Crisphead
- (var. capitata)
- Large, heavy, brittle
- Latest to mature
- Ithaca
- Summertime
- Butterhead (Bibb) (var. capitata)
- Small, loosely filled head with creamy interior.
- Boston is day neutral
- Bibb is short-day
- Batavia is intermediate between crisphead bibb
- Buttercrunch
- Esmeralda
- Four Seasons
99Cultivar Selection
- Looseleaf (var. crispa)
- Easiest to grow 1st to mature
- Salad Bowl
- Green Ice
- Prizehead
- Simpson Elite
- Royal Oakleaf
- Romaine (Cos) (var. longifolia)
- Torpedo-shaped heads
- Matures later than butterhead and leaf varieties
- Cimmaron
- Giant Caesar
- Parris Island Cos
- Athena
- Rouge d Hiver
100Lettuce Culture
- Seed at ¼ inch depth or use transplants.
- Cool season temps above 70 with long days
cause lettuce to bolt. - Moist, well-drained soilshallow rooted and
drought susceptible. - Bitterness comes from high temperatures mature
plants. - Harvest in 50 days
101Harvesting Lettuce
- Harvest individual leaves or bunches of leaves by
cutting them with a sharp knife or shears. - Harvest lettuce heads by cutting them with a
sharp knife below the lowest leaf and remove any
damaged leaves. - Harvest Romaine lettuce when heads are smaller to
avoid bitterness. - Place in a perforated plastic bag and refrigerate
immediately. - Dont wash until just prior to use.
102Spinach Spinacia oleracea
- Family Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family)
- Native to Iran
- Spina means spiny in Latin to describe prickly
seed. - Hardy, cool-season annual.
- High in vitamins A C, calcium, iron,
potassium.
103Spinach Cultivars
- Based on leaf texture
- Savoy
- Avon
- Bloomsdale Long-Standing
- Melody
- Smooth
- Baby Leaf
- Giant Nobel
- New Zealand
- Olympia
- Space
- Tyee
- Viroflay
- Whale
104Spinach Culture
- Temps of 55-65F.
- Spring and fall crop.
- Can sow seeds late in fall for fall spring
crop. - Direct seed in rows or broadcast.
- ¾ apart in rows 2-4 inches wide
- Plant ½-¾ inches deep
- Slow to emerge up to 3 weeks
- Clip to thin to 1 inch apart
105Harvesting Spinach
- 35-50 days after planting.
- 5-7 leaves per plant.
- Remove outer leaves first.
- Continued harvest until seed stalk forms.
- Store at 32F.
106Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
107Potato Facts
- Family Solanaceae
- Type Tuberous perennial
- Native America
- Folk Medicinal Use pimples and burns
- Nutritional Value
- 1 medium 100 calories
- Vitamin A 0 Vitamin C 45 Calcium 2 Iron 8
- Fat 0g Sodium 0mg Carbohydrates 26g Protein
4g
108Potato Culture
- Plant certified seed tubers or pieces
- Cool season
- Well-drained soil
- Low pH
- Skin set occurs after vines die
109Sweet Corn (Zea mays)
110Sweet Corn Facts
- Family Poaceae
- Type Annual grass
- Native Central America
- America 63 varieties by 1900
- Nutritional Value
- 1 ear 80 calories
- Vitamin A 2 Vitamin C 10 Calcium 0 Iron 2
- Fat 1g Sodium 0mg Carbohydrates 18g Protein
3g
111Sweet Corn Culture
- Seed
- Warm season
- Soil 70 - 85ºF
- Planting pattern critical for proper pollination
- think square - 4 rows minimum
112Edible Weeds
- Chicory
- Cichorum intybus
- Burdock
- Arctium lappa
- Purslane
- Portulaca oleracea
- Lambs Quarters
- Chenopodium album
113Dandelion Facts
- Family Asteraceae
- Type Perennial
- Native probably Europe
- Folk Medicinal Use fever and as diuretic
- Nutritional Value
- High in Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium and other
minerals - Yellow petals can be used for food coloring
114Year Round Gardening
- Know Your Last Frost Date in Spring
- Warm the soil - plastic
- Mulch after soil is warm
- Cloches
- Greenhouses
- Cool Season Crops
- Know Your First Frost Date in Fall
- Plant fall garden in August
- Windowsills and artificial lights
- Season Extenders
- Greenhouse like structures
- Plastic row covers
115Harvest Facts
- Depends on taste and timeliness
- Fruit Vegetables immature and mature
- Leaf and Stem Vegetables slightly immature is
preferable - Floral Vegetables Hand harvest when head size
is right - Roots, Tubers and Bulb Vegetables various
stages of development
116N is for Nutrition
- Terpenes
- Carotenoids
- Phytosterols
- Phenols
- Isoflavones
- Thiols
- Glucosinolates
- Allylic sulfides
- Indoles
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin A - Carotenes
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin B6
- Minerals
- Fiber
117N is for Nutrition
- Terpenes
- Carotenoids
- Phytosterols
- Phenols
- Isoflavones
- Thiols
- Glucosinolates
- Allylic sulfides
- Indoles
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin A - Carotenes
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin B6
- Minerals
- Fiber
118Quality
- Appearance
- size and shape
- color
- gloss
- blemishes
- Texture
- Flavor
- Nutritive Value
- Safety
119The A to Z of Veggies
Dr. Patti Nagai Horticulture Educator UW
Extension - Racine County 14200 Washington
Avenue Sturtevant, WI 53177 Phone
262-886-8460 e-mail patricia.nagai_at_ces.uwex.edu
120Growing Vegetables in Wisconsin
- Karen Delahaut
- Fresh Market Vegetable
- Outreach Specialist
- And
- Others
121Veggie References
- Vegetable Crops
- by Dennis Decoteau
- Manual of Minor Vegetables
- by James M. Stephens
- Vegetable Gardening in the Midwest
- by C.E. Voigt and J.S. Vandemark
- Extension Bulletin A8IL1331
122Thanks!Enjoy your vegetable growingefforts.