Echocardiography

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Echocardiography

• Doppler examination
• Assist. Univ. Muresan Simona

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Principle - Echography
T- time ( period) 1/F A- amplitude ? length
of the wave
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Piezoelectric effect
Appearance of an electric field in certain
nonconducting crystals as a result of the
application of mechanical pressure. Pressure
polarizes some crystals, such as quartz, by
slightly separating the centers of positive and
negative charge. The resultant electric field is
detectable as a voltage. The converse effect
also occurs an applied electric field produces
mechanical deformation in the crystal. Using
this effect, a high-frequency alternating
electric current (see alternating current) can be
converted to an ultrasonic wave of the same
frequency, while a mechanical vibration, such as
sound, can be converted into a corresponding
electrical signal
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The scheme of an echography
Beam generator
Wave generator
receptor
convertor
monitor
memory
TRANSDUCER
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The transducer- the probe
Ultrasound wave
Ultrasound beam
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The transducer- the probe
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The transducer- the probeScanning methods
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The reflection of the ultrasound waves
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The refraction of the ultrasound wave
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The amplitude of the electric impulse is
direct proportional with the intensity of the
echo.
Transducer Electric signal

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A Mode - amplitude
Transducer
Heart
Ultrasound beam
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B Mode- brightness
Mode A Mode B
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M mode - motion
B mode brightness
Heart - anatomy
M mode
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Mod M
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Anatomy of the thorax
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The principal plans of section used in
echocardiography
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Left parasternal long axis view
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Apical two chamber view
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Apical four chamber view
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Short axis view of left ventricle
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Subcostal view
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Mitral Valve M-mode Analysis
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Mitral Valve M-mode Analysis
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Aortic Valve M-mode Analysis
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Aortic Valve M-mode Analysis
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Ventricular M-mode
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Ventricular M-mode

• Ventricular Wall Thickness
• Ventricular Chamber Size
• Intraventricular Masses

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Doppler echography
2 x f0x s x cos a ?F-------------------
-- c F 0 emission
frequency S speed of the blood cells Cspeed
of the ultrasound wave cos a the ongle between
the wave direction and blood direction.
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Doppler echography
F
F
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Normal aspect

• Arterial flow
• High resistance
• Low resistance

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Normal aspect

• Venous flow
• peripheral
• central

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DOPPLER COLOR

• Superficial femural artery

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Arterial occlusion

• Embolism
• Thrombosis

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ANEURISMS
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Heart - color Doppler
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Mitral valve regurgitation - color Doppler