National Communications System NCS

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National Communications System (NCS)
Satellite and Microwave Transmission ESF2
Training May 23, 2006 David Cavossa, Executive
Director, Satellite Industry Association Peter
Hill, Senior Engineer, ARTEL Inc. www.sia.or
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OUTLINE

• Operability Before Interoperability
• Satellite Communications Overview
• Microwave Transmission Overview
• Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure
• Questions?

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Operability Before Interoperability

• Following a disaster you need basic OPERABILITY
  before Interoperability
• SATELLITES OPERABILITY when terrestrial
  communications infrastructure is damaged or
  destroyed
• Satellites Communications are
• Highly Survivable (Physical Survivability and
  Robustness)
• Independent of Terrestrial Infrastructure
• Truly Air Gapped and Quickly Provisioned/
  Restored
• Suitable for Fixed and Transportable User
  Locations
• Satellites Provide
• Added Layer of Path Diversity and Link
  Availability
• Backup, Load Sharing, Surge Capacity Solution for
  Larger Sites
• Unique Multicast and Broadcast Capabilities

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Satellite Is Part of the Solution

• First Responders and Public Safety need a
  non-terrestrial back-up communications
  infrastructure that is
• Independent of the Public Infrastructure
• Pre-positioned
• Included in First Responder Training Programs
• The Department of Homeland Security is currently
  examining a range of emergency communication
  proposals, including proposals to ensure
  interoperability. Satellite systems should be
  emphasized and included in the early planning of
  these initiatives.
• The required capacity and equipment is available
  today from commercial satellite operators to
  corporations, first responders, and consumers
  across the globe.

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Commercial Satellite Industry

• Voice/Video/Data Communications
• Rural Telephony
• News Gathering/Distribution
• Internet Trunking
• Corporate VSAT Networks
• Tele-Medicine
• Distance-Learning
• Mobile Telephony
• Videoconferencing
• Business Television
• Broadcast and Cable Relay
• VOIP Multi-media over IP

• GPS/Navigation
• Position Location
• Timing
• Search and Rescue
• Mapping
• Fleet Management
• Security Database Access
• Emergency Services

• Remote Sensing
• Pipeline Monitoring
• Infrastructure Planning
• Forest Fire Prevention
• Urban Planning
• Flood and Storm watches
• Air Pollution Management
• Geo-spatial Services

• Direct-To-Consumer
• Broadband IP
• DTH/DBS Television
• Digital Audio Radio
• Interactive Entertainment Games
• Video Data to handhelds

Infrastructure / Support Services
Launch Vehicles Ground Equipment Insurance
Manufacturing
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Value of Satellite Services

• Satellite systems perform most effectively when
• interconnecting widely distributed networks,
• providing broadcasting services over very wide
  areas such as a country, region, or entire
  hemisphere
• providing connectivity for the last mile in
  cases where fiber networks are simply not
  available for interactive services.
• providing mobile wideband and narrow band
  communications
• satellites are best and most reliable form of
  communications in the case of natural disasters
  or terrorist attacks - fiber networks or even
  terrestrial wireless can be disrupted by
  tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.. i.e. satellites are
  instant infrastructure

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Satellite Components

• Bus
• Power Subsystem
• Telemetry and Command Subsystem
• Attitude and Control Subsystem
• Propulsion Subsystem
• Payload
• Communications Subsystem
• Transponders

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Transponders

• The transponder is the workhorse of the
  satellite - provides the connection between the
  satellites receive and transmit antennas.
• Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus
  spares, depending on the size of the satellite
  and the desired transmission power.
• A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz,
  54 MHz, or 72 MHz or even wider.
• A transponders function is to
• Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times
  weaker then when transmitted)
• Filter out noise,
• Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to
  avoid interference w/uplink)
• Amplify for retransmission to ground

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Satellite Frequencies
There are specific frequency ranges used by
commercial satellites. L-band Mobile Satellite
Services (MSS) 1.0 2.0 GHz S-band MSS,
DARS XM, Sirius 2.0 4.0 GHz C-band Fixed
Satellite Services (FSS), VSAT 4.0 8.0
GHz X-Band Military/Satellite Imagery 8.0
12.0 GHz Ku-band FSS, DBS, VSAT 12.015.0
GHz Ka-band FSS broadband and
inter-satellite links 15.0 30.0 GHz

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Orbital Options

• A Geosynchronous (GEO) satellite orbit is high
  enough (22,000 miles) that it keeps pace with the
  earths rotation. Three satellites can provide
  24/7 coverage of most of the globe.
• Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites are closer to
  users on Earth but 10-18 are required for
  continuous coverage.
• Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites are closest to
  users (300-500 miles) but 40-70 satellites are
  required for full coverage.

Shorter distance results in lower power,
smaller size terminals
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Satellite Coverage Footprints
Global Beams
Regional Beams
Spot Beams
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Geosynchronous Orbit
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Teleports Earth Stations
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Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)

• FSS Industry
• Geosynchronous Spacecraft
• 22,000 miles in orbit
• C, Ku and Ka Frequencies
• Terrestrial Infrastructures
• Teleports
• TTC Centers
• Service Platforms
• Fiber Interconnects
• Diverse market-base
• Media Distribution
• Telecom Infrastructure
• Enterprise Networks
• Government Networks Apps
• 250 operational commercial GEO satellites in
  use today

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Typical Fixed Satellite Service Network

Applications Credit Card Validation ATM/Pay at
the Pump Inventory Control Store Monitoring
Electronic Pricing Training Videos In-Store
Audio Broadband Internet Access Distance
Learning

Apartment Buildings
Gas Stations
HQ Red Cross News Agency Corporate
Corporate Offices
Residential
Branch Offices
Emergency Response
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Ground Equipment
Minimal Set-Up Time, Robust, Portable, Easy To Use
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Mobile Satellite Service

• Function like terrestrial wireless system with
  ubiquitous reach
• Use a mix of orbit types
• Geosynchronous (GEO)
• Non-geosynchronous (LEO and MEO)
• System sizes range from (1) GEO to (66) LEO
• Use a mix of frequencies
• Mostly L-Band / Some S-Band, UHF/VHF
• Feeder links and some services use C, Ka, and
  Ku- Band
• Applications
• Aeronautical
• Maritime
• Land

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Typical Mobile Satellite Network
PSTN/ DISN
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Mobile Satellite Equipment
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Critical To The Economy
Eat Out
PumpGas
WatchTV
Shop
Stay at Hotels
Buy Service Automobile
Transact Financially
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DoD Needs Commercial SATCOM
Requirements
Solutions
Radiation hardened, secure, dedicated
communications
Military owned and operated Constellations (AEHF,
WGS, TSAT, DSCS, MUOS etc Commercial,
or Milsatcom when available
Commercial
Routine, non-classified communications
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Satellite Industry Response to Hurricanes
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Satellites and Katrina
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Satellite Communications for Emergency Response

• Satellite bandwidth
• Can be reserved and pre-positioned ahead of
  time
• Or ad hoc bandwidth can be purchased when
  needed
• Full range of transportable terminals
• Hand Held
• Trailer-mounted terminals
• Vehicle-mounted terminals
• Flyaway terminals
• Terminal at other end can be
• Teleport, with terrestrial tail circuit into
  customer network
• Fixed terminal at customer facility
• Another transportable/handheld terminal

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Satellite Technology Trends

• Satellites in general are becoming more capable,
  with higher power and larger aperture antennas to
  promote frequency re-use
• With electronically formed beams, the beam
  patterns can be re-formed on command to respond
  to needs or changing requirements that emerge in
  response to market demand

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Emerging Services/Applications

• Broadband Connectivity to Homes/Offices
• Mobile Broadband
• Comms on the Move
• In-Flight or Ships at sea
• Consumer Focused
• Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC)
• Satellite Radio
• Broadcast
• High Definition Television
• Digital Video Recorders
• Hybrid Solutions
• Satellite WiFi
• Satellite cellular (pico cell)

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MICROWAVE SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS

• Propagation of Signals
• Antennas
• Microwave Radio Equipment
• Configurations
• Similarities of Satellite
• Microwave
• Applications

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Line of Site Propagation

• Free Space Loss
• Path Profile (Clearance (Fresnel Zone))
• Reflections, Refraction, Diffraction, Absorption
• Ducting
• Multipath
• Radio Frequency Interference

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Antennas

• Isotropic Radiator
• Dipole
• Parabolic Reflector
• Polarization
• Gain

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Earth Station-Microwave-Network Connectivity
M/W Tx/Rx
Router
BUC
MODEM
M/W Tx/Rx
LNB
TX
RX
INTERNET
HQ
ARTEL. Inc.
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Microwave Path Calculations
FSL 104 dB
G Rx 28 dBi
G Tx 28 dBi
LRx 5 dB
LTx 5 dB
FSL in dB 36.6 20Log f 20Log D F
Frequency in MHz D Distance in miles Example
F 2.4 GHz 2400 MHz D 1 mile FSL 104.2 dB
Link Calculation
Rx Signal Level (RSL) Tx Power LTx GTx FSL
GRx LRx G Na (4p/l2)A l (ft) 984/f (in
MHz) 0.41 ft A pr2 12.57 ft2 r 2 ft G
(dB) 10Log(.65(4p/(.41)2)12.57 27.86 dB
Tx Power 30 dBm TL Loss 5 dB Gain of Tx
Antenna 28 dBi FSL 104 dB Gain Rx Antenna
28 dBi RL Loss 5 dB Total -31 dBm Receiver
Threshold -90 dBm Margin 59 dB -
ARTEL Inc.
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Microwave Radio Equipment

• Radio Frequency Bands
• Modulation
• Bandwidth
• Transmitted Power
• Repeaters

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Equipment Configuration

• Last Mile
• Long Haul
• Call Center Connectivity
• Point to Point Point to Multipoint

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Similarities in Satellite Microwave

• Satellite is (a Bent Pipe) with A Repeater in
  Space and Terminals on the Ground
• A Microwave Link may have repeater(s) between
  terminals path Propagation
• Propagation principals the same
• Antennas- Some similar
• Same frequency bands

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Applications of Satellite/Microwave

• Voice/Video/Data Communications
• Rural Telephony
• News Gathering/Distribution
• Internet Trunking
• Tele-Medicine
• Distance-Learning
• Mobile Telephony
• Videoconferencing

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Network Connectivity

• Public Switched Telephone Network
• Private Network
• Corporate Network
• Internet Connectivity
• Stand Alone