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SCOTLAND
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GEOGRAPHY

• Scotland is a nation in northwest Europe and
  a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The
  country occupies the northern third of the island
  of Great Britain, shares a land border to the
  south with England, and is bounded by the North
  Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north
  and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to
  the south-west. Apart from the mainland, Scotland
  consists of over 790 islands.

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EDINBURGH

• Gaelic, is the second-largest city in
  Scotland and its capital city.
• It is Edinburgh pronounced in Scottish
  situated on the east coast of Scotland's central
  lowlands on the south shore of the Firth of Forth
  and in the unitary local authority of City of
  Edinburgh. It has been the capital of Scotland
  since 1437 and is the seat of the country's
  devolved government. The Old Town and New Town
  districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO
  World Heritage Site in 1995. In the census of
  2001, Edinburgh had a total resident population
  of 448,624.

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HISTORY

• PREHISTORY

The history of Scotland begins around 10,000
years before the present day, when modern humans
first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of
the Devonian glaciations, the last ice age. Of
the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age
civilizations that existed in the country, many
artifacts remain but few are of writing.
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Middle Ages

• In the tenth and eleventh centuries,
  northern Great Britain was increasingly dominated
  by Gaelic culture. From a base in eastern
  Scotland north of the River Forth, the kingdom
  acquired control of the lands lying to the south.
  It had a flourishing culture, comprising part of
  the larger Gaelic-speaking world.
• After the twelfth-century reign of King
  David I, the Scottish monarchs are better
  described as Scoto-Norman than Gaelic, preferring
  French culture to native Scottish culture.

Dunnottar Castle
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Union with England

• In 1603, the Scottish King James VI of
  Scotland inherited the throne of the Kingdom of
  England, and became also "James I" of England.
  With the exception of a short period under The
  Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state,
  but there was considerable conflict between the
  crown and the Covenanters over the form of church
  government.

Battle of Culloden
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Modern period

• Following the Scottish Enlightenment and the
  Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the
  commercial, intellectual and industrial
  powerhouses of Europe. Its industrial decline
  following World War II was particularly acute,
  but in recent decades the country has enjoyed
  something of a cultural and economic renaissance,
  fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services
  and electronics sector, the proceeds of North Sea
  oil and gas, and latterly the devolved Scottish
  Parliament, established by the UK government
  under the Scotland Act 1998.

Scottish Cottage
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THE FLAG, THE COAT OF ARMS

• 
  

The Flag of Scotland representing the cross of
the Christian martyr Saint Andrew, the patron
saint of Scotland, on a blue field. It is often
known as The Saltier or the Saint Andrew's Cross.
The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland was the
official coat of arms of the monarchs of
Scotland, and were used as the official coat of
arms of the Kingdom of Scotland until the Union
of the Crowns in 1603.
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ECONOMY

• The Scottish economy is closely linked with
  that of the rest of Europe and the wider Western
  world, with a heavy emphasis on exporting. It is
  essentially a market economy with some government
  intervention. After the Industrial Revolution,
  the Scottish economy concentrated on heavy
  industry, dominated by the shipbuilding, coal
  mining and steel industries. Scottish
  participation in the British Empire also allowed
  the Scottish economy to export its output
  throughout the world. However heavy industry
  declined in the latter part of the 20th century
  leading to a remarkable shift in the economy of
  Scotland towards a technology and service
  sector-based economy.

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SCOTTISH INVENTIONS

• Since before the Industrial Revolution, Scots
  have been at the forefront of innovation and
  discovery across a wide range of spheres the
  steam engine, the pedal bicycle, macadam roads,
  the telephone, television, the transistor, the
  motion picture, penicillin, electromagnetics,
  radar, insulin, calculus and animal cloning are
  only a few of the most significant products of
  Scottish ingenuity.

Radar
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RELIGION

• The Church of Scotland, also referred to as
  The Kirk, is the national church. It is a
  Presbyterian Church. It is not subject to state
  control nor is it "established" as is the Church
  of England within England. It was formally
  recognised as independent of the UK Parliament by
  the Church of Scotland Act 1921, settling
  centuries of dispute between church and state
  over jurisdiction in spiritual matters.

St Andrews Cathedral Ruins Front
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EDUCATION

• Education in Scotland has a long history of
  universal provision of public education, and is a
  distinctly different system to elsewhere in the
  United Kingdom. Traditionally, the Scottish
  system has emphasised breadth across a range of
  subjects, while the English, Welsh and Northern
  Irish system has emphasised greater depth of
  education over a smaller range of subjects at
  secondary school level.

University of Glasgow at night
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SCHOOL YEARS

• Nursery School
• Age 3 - 5.
• Primary School
• Primary 1, age range 4 - 6.
• Primary 2, age range 5 - 7.
• Primary 3, age range 6 - 8.
• Primary 4, age range 7 - 9.
• Primary 5, age range 8 - 10.
• Primary 6, age range 9 - 11.
• Primary 7, age range 10 - 12.
• Secondary School
• Secondary 1 (First Year), age range 11 - 13.
• Secondary 2 (Second Year), age range 12 - 14.
• Secondary 3 (Third Year), age range 13 - 15.
• Secondary 4 (Fourth Year), age range 14 - 16.
• Secondary 5 (Fifth Year), age range 15 - 17.
• Secondary 6 (Sixth Year), age range 16 - 18.

University of St Andrews
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LITERATURE

• Scottish literature has had a long and
  successful history. In Scotland, the most famous
  works are perhaps those of Robert Burns, widely
  regarded as the national poet of Scotland. The
  works of Burns, mostly written in the Scots
  language, is celebrated annually on Burns' Night
  (January 25). Other famous Scottish writers
  include Walter Scott, James Hogg, JM Barrie,
  Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson and
  more recently, Alexander McCall Smith, Ian
  Rankin, Iain Banks and Irvine Welsh. J.K. Rowling
  wrote the first Harry Potter book, The
  Philosopher's Stone, in a coffee shop in
  Edinburgh.

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SPORT

• Scotland has its own sporting competitions
  and governing bodies, such as the Scottish
  Football League and the Scottish Rugby Union.
  This gives the country independent representation
  at many international sporting events, for
  example the football World Cup and the
  Commonwealth Games although notably not the
  Olympic Games.

Association Football is the most popular sport
in the country, both played and watched. The
Scottish Football Association is the second
oldest national football association in the
world.
Scottish professional rugby union clubs compete
in the Celtic League.
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• Scotland is the "Home of Golf", and is
  well-known for its many links courses, including
  the Old Course at St Andrews.
• Scotland is the home of curling (2002 Olympic
  champions, women) which, although not as popular
  today as in Canada, remains more popular in
  Scotland than anywhere else in Europe.
• The Highland Games are another distinctive
  feature of the national sporting culture.

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Tee for the first hole at The Links at Spanish
Bay
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Bunkers at Filton Golf Club
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TournamentPlayersClub Sawgrass17thHole
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TRANSPORT

• Railways

Scotland has an extensive railway network
utilizing cross country links across the country,
and connections to England local commuter links
to the major cities and freight. The railway
network is owned by Network Rail, the non-profit
organization responsible for all of the UK's
railway infrastructure. Rail services are
provided under franchises awarded by the
government. The current holder of the Scottish
franchise is First Scot Rail, a division of First
Group plc. Intercity services are also operated
by Virgin Trains and GNER.
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A First ScotRail train at Edinburgh's Waverley
station.
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Road

Scotland has an extensive road network throughout
the country. The motorway network is concentrated
in the Central belt, with dual-carriageways (A
roads) connecting the rest of the country.
Within the large cities, roads become congested
in peak hours. The M8 motorway becomes heavily
congested in peak hours, especially around
Glasgow where it travels through the heart of the
city. The main congestion hotpots are in Glasgow
City Centre around the Kingston Bridge where a
large amount of traffic leaves and enter the
road.
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The M8 at Charing Cross (Junction 18) in Glasgow.
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Buses

• Scotland is covered by a large bus network
  based at the two large terminals at Glasgow and
  Edinburgh.
• Scottish Citylink and Megabus are the two
  principal long distance coach operators within
  Scotland. National Express provide coach links
  with cities in England and local buses in Dundee
  under the Travel Dundee name.

A Neoplan Skyliner coach in Manchester on a
journey from London to Aberdeen
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Water

• As Scotland is made up of several islands,
  water has always been an important transport
  route for passengers and freight, particuarly in
  the remote communities of the Hebrides.

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A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry at Scrabster
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NATIONAL SYMBOLS

• 1. Thistle is the common name of a
  polyphyletic group of flowering plants
  characterised by leaves with sharp spines on the
  margins, mostly in the plant family Asteraceae.
• The thistle, in particular Onopordum acanthium
  (the cotton thistle or Scotch thistle), is the
  national flower of Scotland, and is featured in
  many Scottish symbols and logos. Legend has it
  that a Viking attacker stepped on one at night
  and cried out, so alerting the defenders of a
  Scottish castle.

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• 2. A tartan is a specific woven pattern that
  often signifies a particular Scottish clan in the
  modern era. The pattern is made with alternating
  bands of coloured (pre-dyed) threads woven as
  both warp and weft at right angles to each other.
  The weft is woven two over - two under the warp,
  advancing one thread each pass, forming diagonal
  lines. The resulting blocks of colour repeat
  vertically and horizontally in a distinctive
  pattern of squares and lines known as a sett.

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The end