Change from Absolutism to Constitutional Monarchy

1
Change from Absolutism to Constitutional Monarchy

• Throughout Europe the power of the monarchs grew
  during the Renaissance
• As the religious conflicts between Protestants
  and Catholics developed the Monarchs used
  religion to stay in power.
• France, Russia have the best examples of
  absolutism
• Because of the needs of Henry VIII, England
  became a Constitutional Monarchy where power was
  shared, first by the Lords and later by the people

2
War of Roses

• 1455-1485
• (Hundred Years over 1453 and 30 Years War does
  not begin until 1620)
• Edward III dies
• Henry VI 3rd line in decent (Lancaster)
• Richard 2nd line in decent (York) but had been
  passed over previously in 1399

3
Centralized government

• Battle of St. Albans
• Richard later killed
• Continues back and forth for 30 years until
  Battle of Bosworth when Henry Tudor, descended
  from Lancaster side through his mother, defeated
  the last Yorkest king in 1485
• Broke feudal power of the nobles as many had been
  slain during the wars and their estates
  confiscated by the Crown
• Lawlessness that had torn England since the
  beginning of the 100 years War grew even worse
  during the War of the Roses
• People longed for a strong government that would
  bring peace and prosperity

4
War of Roses Tudors emerge

• Henry VII - first Tudor marries Elizabeth of York
• His mother was a Lancaster
• Henry VIII (8) had 6 wives and separated from the
  Catholic Church and created a new church in
  England called the Anglican Church or the Church
  of England.
• At first known as Defender of the Faith because
  of efforts on his behalf of the church then
  excommunicated when he divorced his first wife,
  Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boelyn.
• (Other wives were Jane Seymore, Anne of Cleves,
  Catherine Parr, Catherine Howard)

5

• 1527 Henry is concerned with the validity of his
  marriage to Catherine of Aragon
• Leviticus declared a man who married his
  brothers wife would be childless
• Henry had been 18, Catherine 24 but only one
  surviving child - Mary

6
Reasons for annulment

• Concerns about succession
• has an illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of
  Richmond
• Between 1525-7 Henry falls for Anne Boleyn
• Catherine is 40
• Henry asks Pope Clement VII for an annullment

7
Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon
• Divorced
• Mary (Bloody Mary Queen of England)
• Catholic
• Anne Bolyn
• Beheaded
• Elizabeth (Elizabeth I Queen of England)
• Protestant (Anglican Church of England)
• Jane Seymour
• Died
• Edward (King of England before Elizabeth was
  Queen)
• Anne of Cleves
• Divorced
• ugly
• Catherine Howard
• beheaded
• Catherine Parr
• survived

8
Tudor England Elizabethian Era
9
Pivotal Phase

• Edward VI (1547-1553) son of Henry VIII and Jane
  Seymore. Was a sickly boy who died at age
  fifteen. During his reign, England became even
  more Protestant than during Henrys
• Mary I (1553-1558) daughter of Henry VIII also
  known as Bloody Mary because she was Catholic
  like her mother and tried to return the Catholic
  Church to England. While doing this she
  persecuted Protestants, killing about 300 of
  them. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain,
  son of the Emperor Charles V but had no children.

10
Mary Tudor

• Became queen after Edward died
• Devoted Catholic
• Nicknamed Bloody Mary
• Married Philip II of Spain she was 38 he was 27
• Very unpopular
• 1554 Wyatt Rebellion -failed

11
English Renaissance

• Elizabeth I daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
  Boelyn.
• Henry was not married to Anne when Elizabeth was
  conceived.
• When the Pope would not grant a divorce to Henry
  VIII-Catherine of Aragon-Henry created his own
  church.
• The Catholic Church did not recognize Henry's
  marriage to Anne and considered Elizabeth to be
  illegitimate.
• They tried to first keep her from the throne then
  later to remove her from the throne.
• Elizabeth had no children. She was the last of
  the Tudors

12
Queen Elizabeththe Virgin Queen
13
Compromised and worked with Parliament

• And yet, by the way, if any here doubt that I am
  as it were by vowe or determinacion bente never
  to trade that kynde of lyfe putt out that
  heresie, for your belief is therein awrye, for
  though I think it best for a private woman, yet
  doe I strive with myself to think it not meat for
  a prince.  And if I can bend my lyking to your
  neade I will not resist suche a mynd.
• The cares and trouble of a Crowne I cannnot more
  fitly resemble then to the Drugges of a learned
  Physitian, perfumed with some Aromaticall sauour,
  or to bitter Pils guilded ouer, by which they are
  made more exceeptable or lesse offensiue, which
  indeed are bitter and vnpleasant to take and for
  my owne part, were it not for Conscience sake to
  discharge the dutie that God hath layd vpon me,
  and to maintaine his glorie, and keepe you in
  safetie in mine owne disposition I should be
  willing to resigne the place I hold to any other,
  and glad to be freed of the Glory with the
  Labors, for it is not my desire to liue nor to
  reign longer then my life and reigne shall bee
  for your good. And though you haue had and may
  haue many mightier and wiser Princes sitting in
  this Seat, yet you neuer had nor shall haue any
  that will loue you better.
• Elizabeth I, Speeches to Parliament, 10 April
  1563 and the Golden Speech 1601

14
Golden Speech November 1601

• I have ever used to set the Last Judgement Day
  before mine eyes and so to rule as I shall be
  judged to answer before a higher judge, and now
  if my kingly bounties have been abused and my
  grants turned to the hurt of my people contrary
  to my will and meaning, and if any in authority
  under me have neglected or perverted what I have
  committed to them, I hope God will not lay their
  culps and offenses in my charge. I know the title
  of a King is a glorious title, but assure
  yourself that the shining glory of princely
  authority hath not so dazzled the eyes of our
  understanding, but that we well know and remember
  that we also are to yield an account of our
  actions before the great judge. To be a king and
  wear a crown is a thing more glorious to them
  that see it than it is pleasant to them that bear
  it. For myself I was never so much enticed with
  the glorious name of a King or royal authority of
  a Queen as delighted that God hath made me his
  instrument to maintain his truth and glory and to
  defend his kingdom as I said from peril,
  dishonour, tyranny and oppression. There will
  never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my
  country, care to my subjects and that will sooner
  with willingness venture her life for your good
  and safety than myself. For it is my desire to
  live nor reign no longer than my life and reign
  shall be for your good. And though you have had,
  and may have, many princes more mighty and wise
  sitting in this seat, yet you never had nor shall
  have, any that will be more careful and loving.

15

• Phillip II the most Catholic Prince
• Spain (Spanish Inquisition, reconquista and
  expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Iberia)
• Invincible Armada
• Followed death of Mary Queen of Scots (Mary
  Stuart a catholic) in 1587
• After the invasion England would be brought under
  Spanish Catholic rule
• Larger Spanish Galleons defeated by unable to
  maneuver

"Not only man but God was against them. His wind
blew discomfiture to their meditated enterprise.
More than one poor crippled ship dropped behind
as her spars snapped, or the water made its way
through her wounded seams in the straining seas.
The Spaniards, stricken with a wonderful fear,
made no attempt to succor their consorts, but
pressed heavily on, leaving them to founder."
16
Relationship of Stuarts - Tudor

• After Elizabeth died in 1603 she was succeeded by
  James I, who was also king of Scotland.
• Henry VIIs daughter, Margaret Tudor married
  James IV of ScotlandIJames VIMary, Queen of
  Scotsm. Lord DarnleyIJames VI

17
Stuarts

• James I of England (also known as James VI (6) of
  Scotland) great nephew of Henry VIII (Henry's
  sister's grandson) but he is a Stuart first and a
  Tudor only distantly and this begins the Stuart
  line on the throne.
• He orders the bible to be written in a different
  form so that all can read it.
• Becomes known as the KING JAMES version of the
  Bible.
• Protestant - Church of England

18
Stuarts

• 1603-1714

19
English Civil War

• Charles I son of James Protestant but not Puritan
  but rather Church of England. (His wife is French
  and a catholic).
• signs the Petition of Rights forcing him to go to
  Parliament to get permission to levy taxes.
• Fights in the English Civil war and is brought to
  trial and convicted of treason for conspiring
  with foreign countries against England.

20
Almost 1649-1660 is the Interregnum or Puritan
Commonwealth

• Oliver Cromwell The Protectorate
• New Model Army
• Never took the crown but acted in the same manner
  as an absolute monarch
• Rump Parliament gave him the title Lord Protector
• Divided the country into 12 military districts
• a) censored the pressb) forbade sportc) closed
  the theaters
• Instrument of Government
• Religious freedom to all (except Catholics)
  welcomed Jews

21
Restoration

• Charles II son of Charles I is brought back from
  France after Cromwell dies. His reign is known
  as the Restoration. Protestant (Church of
  England) but not Puritan
• James II son of Charles I brother to Charles II
• Roman Catholic. Has been raised by his French
  Catholic mother in France. Acts like a divine
  monarch which is monarchs receive their power
  from God and are responsible only to God

22
Glorious Revolution

• Mary II daughter of James II raised a Protestant
  and married William of Orange of the Netherlands
  , invited to rule England by the Tories and the
  Whigs. signed the Act of Settlement so that no
  Catholic could come to the throne. also signed
  the Bill of Rights and Act of Toleration. When
  she and her husband came to the throne it was
  called the Glorious Revolution

23

• Wealthy English men offered the throne to Jamess
  Protestant daughter Mary and William III of the
  Netherlands

24

• Feb 13, 1688, the Declaration of Rights was
  accepted and proclaimed by William and Mary.
• Declaration had three main parts
• an indictment of James II and his transgressions,
  
• a declaration of the rights of citizens.
• William and Mary declared King and Queen of
  England, with William to exercise all power
  during his lifetime.

25
Last of the Stuarts

• Anne - Had 17 children(12 miscarriages and 5
  children who do not reach adulthood) but outlived
  them all and left no successor in the direct
  Stuart line.
• Act of Union that united England and Scotland.

26
Hanover

• George I, II, III- III was king during the
  American Revolution.
• could not speak English so they needed someone in
  between.
• A cabinet had developed a the main minister
  called the Prime Minister came to power and
  became the real head of the government

27
Windsor

• Today we have the Windsor Family yet they changed
  their name from Saxe-Colberg Gothe during WWI
  because of the German connection to their cousin
  Wilhelm II

28
(No Transcript)
29
Henry VIIIs wives

• Catherine of Aragón (a Spanish princess) who had
  previously been married to his brother Prince
  Arthur. Henry was betrothed to Catherine by his
  father in 1509 and they had a daughter Mary who
  will later become Queen Mary 1.
• In 1527 Henry announced his desire to divorce
  Catherine because she had failed to produce a
  male heir.
• Anne Boleyn, a young and beautiful
  lady-in-waiting to the former queen, was married
  to Henry in 1533 and bore him Elizabeth who was
  later to become Queen Elizabeth
• After charging Queen Anne with incest and
  adultery Henry had her beheaded.
• Jane Seymore and Henry were married a few days
  after Anne's death in 1536.
• She died soon after bearing him his only
  legitimate son who was to succeed Henry to become
  Edward V1.
• Anne of Cleaves and Henry were married in 1540 to
  form a tie between England and the Protestant
  princes of Germany.
• After only a few months Henry found the political
  alliance no longer to be to his advantage had the
  marriage annulled.
• Catherine Howard and Henry were married the same
  year in 1540.
• In 1542 Henry once again accused his wife of
  adultery and had Catherine beheaded.
• Katherine Parr was Henry's sixth and last wife.

30
Victorian Era

• Succession from Hanoverians to Edward then his
  niece, Victoria who reigned from 1837 until her
  death in 1901.
• Her ministers Gladstone and Disraili (liberal and
  conservative) represent their political parties
  and we have not just parliamentary government but
  ministerial government.
• Prime minister has de facto powers as they are
  head of their party which either has a coalition
  or majority in the parliamentary body
• England does not have a constitution