Parts of Speech

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Parts of Speech

• AdjectivesAdverbs--Conjunctions
• InterjectionsNouns--Prepositions
• Pronouns--Verbs

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English is flexible language

• A words meaning is derived from 3 things
• How it is spelled
• How it is pronounced
• How it is used in a sentence

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Parts of Speech

• Way word is used in a sentence
• Determines which part of speech it is
• I ate a fish for dinner.
• We fish in the sea every Sunday

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Adjectives

• Words that describe nouns and pronouns
• Answer questions
• What kind?
• How much?
• Which one?
• How many?

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Adjectives

• red nose
• gold ring
• more sugar
• little effort
• second chance
• those chocolates
• several chances
• six books

• What kind?
• How much?
• Which one?
• How many?

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Five Kinds of Adjectives

• Common adjectives
• Proper adjectives
• Compound adjectives
• Articles
• Indefinite articles

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Common adjectives

• Describe nouns or pronouns
• Green plant
• Strong man
• Beautiful view

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Proper adjectives

• Formed from proper nouns
• California avocados
• Mexican food (noun Mexican)

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Compound Articles

• Made up of more than one word
• Far-off country
• Teenage person

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Articlesa, an the

• Special type of adjective
• Causes most ESL problems
• Thedefinite articlerefers to a specific thing
• A an are indefinite articlesrefer to general
  things
• Use a with consonant sounds
• Use an with vowel sounds

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Use a before consonants

• A bear
• A participant
• A rule
• A statistic
• A result

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Use an before vowels

• An eagle
• An artist
• An elephant
• An article
• An ostrich

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Use the with plurals

• The bears
• The eagles
• The participants
• The surveys
• The articles

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For specific objects

• Use the to refer to specific nouns not generic
  nouns
• I will have an apple (any apple is a generic
  noun)
• I want the red apple (a specific apple)

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Fill in the blank with a or an

• We recently purchased _____ new television.
• I added ____ electric heater to my office.
• Maria provided ____ sample for my study.
• _____ assortment of participants were in the
  study sample.
• He needed _______equipment.

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ArticlesBasic Rule 1

• Every time a noun is used the writer is referring
  to
• All of them everywhere
• One of many, or
• This one exactly

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ArticlesBasic Rule 2

• Every kind of reference has a choice of article
• All of them everywhere (none, a/an, the)
• One of many (none or a/an)
• This one exactly (none or the)

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ArticlesBasic Rule 3

• The choice of article depends upon the noun and
  the context.

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Basic Question

• "What do I mean? Do I mean all of them
  everywhere, one of many, or this one exactly?"
• "What kind of noun is it? Is it countable or not?
  Is it singular or plural? Does it have any
  special rules?"

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When you mean "all of them everywhere"

• also called "generic reference
• use it to make generalizations
• to say something true of all the nouns in a
  particular group, like an entire species of
  animal.

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"all of them everywhere"

• 3 choices
• Depends on Noun
• Ask yourselfWhat kind of a noun is it

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Non-count nouns no article (Ø)

• a. Temperature is measured in degrees.
• b. Money makes the world go around.

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Plural nouns no article (Ø)

• a. Volcanoes are formed by pressure under the
  earth's surface.
• b. Quagga zebras were hunted to extinction.

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Singular nouns the

• a. The computer is a marvelous invention.
• b. The elephant lives in family groups.

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Singular nouns the

• this form (the singular) is most often in
  technical and scientific writing to generalize
  about classes of animals, body organs, plants,
  musical instruments, and complex inventions.

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Singular nouns the

• Not used for simple inanimate objects, like books
  or coat racks. For these objects, use (Ø
  plural).

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Singular nouns a/an

• when a single example represents the entire group
• a. A rose by any other name would still smell as
  sweet.
• b. A doctor is a highly educated person and a
  doctor also has tremendous earning potential.

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How do you know it's generic?

• The "alleverywhere" test
• substitute "all plural noun everywhere" for the
  noun phrase
• If the statement is still true, it's probably a
  generic reference
• If not, its probably specific

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Example

• A whale protects its young"All whales
  everywhere" protect their young. (truegeneric
  reference)
• A whale is grounded on the beach"All whales
  everywhere" are grounded on the beach. (not true,
  so this is not generic reference this "a" refers
  to "one of many")

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Indefinite adjectives

• Dont specify the specific amount of something
• All, another, any, both
• Each, either, few, many
• More, most, neither, other
• Several, some