Chapters 21 and 22

1
Chapters 21 and 22

• The 3 Gunpowder Empires
• Indian Ocean Trade
• Ming China
• Japan

2
Rise of Ottoman Empire

• Mongol Empire fell? Ottoman Empire rose in
  Anatolia
• Ottomans (Called Turks) invaded modern day
  Turkey, then in 1453, invaded Constantinople
  ending the Byzantine Empire
• Constantinople was renamed to Instanbul and
  became capital city
• Empire founded by Osman Bey
• Their chief rival were their eastern neighbors,
  the Safavids
• Hagia Sophia was taken and converted into a
  mosque although, other religions were tolerated

3
Ottoman Empire

• Conquered most of Rome, except Italy
• Extended from Greece eastward to Persia,
  Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa
• Empire lasted until 1922, making it one of the
  worlds most significant empires
• Greatly expanded the reach of Islam, allowed
  Western Europe to dominate
• They explored the oceans traded directly with
  India, China, American colonies
• Janissaries enslaved children of Christian
  subjects turned into fighting warriors

4
Ottoman Rulers

• Selim I - Came to power in 1512 claimed he was
  the rightful heir to the Arab Caliphs
• Under him, Istanbul became the center of Islamic
  civilization
• Suleiman I built up the military empire,
  encouraged the development of the arts
• The Golden Age was found and lasted from
  1520-1566
• He took advantages of the Holy Roman Empire
  weaknesses, took Hungary, attempted to take
  Vienna but failed
• Austrian princes and the Ottomans battled
  continually for the next century
• Empire went into downfall from there

5
Safavid Empire

• Centralized state based on military conquest and
  dominated by Shia Islam
• Located between Ottomans and Mughals, modern-day
  Iran
• Arose from struggles of rival Turkic nomadic
  groups gained the Shias
• Had alliances with Europeans against the Ottomans
• Had origins in sufi mystics and religious
  preaches

6
Safavid Rulers

• Sailal-Din began to purify and reform Islam,
  spread Muslim teachings
• Gained increasing support (Red Heads), enemies
  multiplied
• 4 rulers later ? Ismâil led to string of
  victories on battlefield
• Took city of Tabriz, proclaimed Shah
• Battle at Chaldiran, between Safavid and Ottoman
  Rulers
• Importance Muskets and Field Cannons

7
Safavid Rulers

• Artillery was still engaged in the east, Ismâil
  threw his calvary against the cannons and massed
  muskets of the Ottoman forces ? proved no match
  for well-armed Ottomans
• Ottomans couldnt follow up battle with conquests
• Capital was too far for army, they withdrew
• Shiism would be concentrated in Persia and
  neighboring areas
• Tahmasp I transformed into warrior nobility
• Recruited army slave boys formed slave
  regiments which had impact in political struggles
• Abbas I had greatest use of youths-formed the
  backbone of military forces
• Rapid collapse due to weak successor
• 80,000 inhabitants of the capital died form
  disease and starvation, the city fell

8
Mughal Empire

• Babur claimed to be the descendent of Chingis
  Khan
• 1526, invated northern India and defeated the
  Delhi Sultanate
• Quickly establised the new empire, dominated the
  Indian subcontinent for next 300 years
• During that time, united almost entire
  subcontinent

9
Mughal Rulers

• Akbar (Baburs grandson 1556-1605) unified much
  of India by governing under policy of religious
  toleration
• Eliminated the Jizya the head tax on Hindus
• Tried to improve the position of women
• Eliminated Sati (high-caste women throwing
  themselves on their husbands funeral pyre)
• Welcomed Hindus into government positions
• Golden Age art, architecture, and thought were
  improved
• Attempted to develop a new faith- the Din-i-Ilahi
• A mix of Hindu and Muslim subjects it was
  rejected by both sides

10
Mughal Rulers

• Shah Jahan (Akbars grandson)
• Taj Mahal was built
• Religious toleration ended
• The government reinstated Jizya
• Hindu temples were destroyed

11
The Indian Ocean Trade

• Persians and Arabs dominated the Indian Ocean
  Trade
• Boats were more susceptible to larger waves
• Sailors learned to understand the seasons and
  winds
• Trade routes were relatively safe-no constant
  warfare
• Began intermixing cultures, created bilingual and
  bicultural families
• Began with Vasco De Gama, he sailed around the
  tip of Africa and found trade route in 1498

12
The Indian Ocean Trade
13
The Indian Ocean Trade

• Spices were main product for trade to Europeans
• Two factors before arrival of Europeans
• No Central Control The Europeans came and
  conquered
• Military force usually absent with the
  exception of pirates (ships carried guns to
  defend themselves), there was no force until
  Portugal sailors used forces to extract Spices

14
The Portuguese, The English, and The Dutch

• 1507- Portuguese took Ormuz
• 1510- Portuguese took Goa
• 1511- Portuguese stormed Malacca
• 1620- Dutch emerged and built Batavia
• Dutch Trading Empires fortified towns and
  factories, peaceful
• Moved slowly inland into Western Java, discovered
  Coffee and exported it to Europe where it was in
  high demand

15
Going Ashore

• Spanish took advantage of Phillipines
• Conquest of Luzon-small states the Spanish could
  control one-by-one
• Repeated failed attempts to conquer Mindanao-
  ruled by a single kindgom whose Muslim rulers
  were determined to resist Christian dominance
• Set-up tribute systems similar to those imposed
  in Spanish World

16
Spreading the Faith

• India appeared to be most promising in terms of
  religious conversion
• Francis Xavier-was willing to minster to the
  poor, low-caste fishers and untouchables along
  southwest coast
• Converted tens of thousands
• Robert di Nobili-learned several Indian languages
  allowing him to read sacred texts to win over
  high-caste Hindus
• He failed, the high-caste Hindus rejected it

17
Ming China

• By 1368, the Ming Dynasty booted out the last of
  the Mongol rulers and ruled until 1644
• Built a strong, centralized government based on
  traditional Confucian principles
• Reinstated the Civil Service Exams, reinvigorated
  Chinese Culture
• Built huge fleets led by Zeng He through
  southeast Asia and Indian Ocean to east Africa, a
  century before the Europeans

18
Ming China

• China may have become the dominant colonial
  power, but within a few decades, the Chinese
  stopped their naval voyages
• Changed currency to silver and established trade
  relationships with the Spanish through the
  Philippines
• It fueled a period of expansion but the silver
  flooded the Chinese market and the government was
  unable to control the resulting inflation

19
Ming Decline

• By 16th century, the Ming Dynasty was already in
  decline
• Europeans were sailing towards China and pirates
  continuously raided port cities
• Internal problems arose and by 17th century,
  famines crippled the Chinese economy
• Peasant revolts erupted against powerless Ming
  rulers
• The Ming Dynasty ended and the Qing Dynasty began
• Chongzhen (Last Ming Ruler) committed suicide

20
Japan

• In 16th century, series of shoguns ruled while
  the emperor remained a figurehead
• Japanese feudalism began to disintegrate and
  centralized power emerged
• Japan was well on its way to westernization
• Began trading with Portuguese in 1542, Christian
  missionaries steamed in, a few hundred thousand
  Japanese converted to Christianity, Jesuits took
  control of the port city of Nagasaki and trade
  flourished
• Tokugawa Shogunate was established and was a
  strict and rigid government that ruled in 1868

21
Japan

• A rigid social class model similar to caste
  system was developed
• 4 classes (Warrior, Farmer, Artisan, and
  Merchant) were developed and movement between
  classes was prohibited
• Japan became secluded by 1635 due to a National
  Seclusion Policy
• Tokugawa thought Japan was going to be overrun by
  foreign influences
• Buddhism and Shintoism remained center of culture
• Haiku became very popular, Kabuki theater was
  built
• Japanese culture underwent its own renaissance,
  although it was intended for domestic consumption