Ken Caldeira

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Ken Caldeira
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1.6 Watts per square metre
0.0047
340 Watts per square metre
Plants need carbon dioxide. We eat plants and we
eat animals that eat plants. With too little
carbon dioxide we freeze. It may have deferred
an over due ice age. Water vapour is a much more
potent greenhouse gas.
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NASA
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NASA
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• POSITIVE FEEDBACKS
• Loss of Arctic ice cover.
• Methane from permafrost. x73 effect of CO2
• Lower solubility of CO2 in sea water.
• Fewer phytoplankton to make dimethyl sulphide.
• More water vapour in the atmosphere.
• Bush fires in Amazon basin.
• 9 billion population with higher expectations.
• Total failure of CO2 trading. . . . so far.

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Sean Twomey
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For the same mass of water, lots of small drops
are whiter than a smaller number of big ones.
? Rct 0.075 ? loge Ncd Or 2 times Ncd 5.78
whiter
From Schwarz and Slingo 1996
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Axel Lauer 2007
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Radius microns
Breon FM Tanre D Generoso S Aerosol effect on
cloud droplet size monitored from satellite.
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J. Atmos. Sci. 1977. Sean Twomey on Cloud
Albedo. Lots of small drops white clouds Few
larger drops darker clouds. Nature 1990. John
Latham asked can we increase the concentration of
cloud condensation nuclei?
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Nature 1990. John Latham suggests increasing the
number of condensation nuclei by spraying
submicron drops of sea water. Fast evaporation -
milliseconds Salt residues are ideal
hydrophilic nuclei Turbulence spreads them
evenly through the marine boundary layer. One 25
micron drop makes 2 drops each 19.8 microns in
diameter.
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• Cloud Movie
• Never go on stage with children or animals
• Never do live Windows applications during a
  lecture.

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Manghani et al 2000
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Hoppel WA 2002
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Clean, mid-ocean air far from shipping
lanes. Migration with the seasons. Locally
available energy. Long periods on duty. Food,
water, medical attention, home leave? Unmanned
sailing vessels with GPS and satellite
communications.
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Sanjay Mittal 2006
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• http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/shs
• Then browse to global warming

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Kyoto baseline was 1990, before dash for gas. No
shipping. No aviation. No proxy carbon on Chinese
imports. DBERR says we need selective
statistical re-interpretation of EU
targets. DUKES says UK CO2 UP1.75 2006
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Stephen Salter John MacNeill
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Stephen Salter John MacNeill
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• http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/shs
• Then browse to global warming

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Stephen Schwartz
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Sanjay Mittal
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9 random translations
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Blue back to space. Wavelength 10
micron One gram of water
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• Fastcad of the Tom Stevenson Nozzle

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3 degree wake divergence
Intensities for 4,6,8 and 10 source separations
downwind.
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2 degree wake separation
Intensities for 4,6,8 and 10 source separations
downwind.
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This 31 to 310 tonnes tonnes/second 500 kg
water /second 1.75 kg/sec
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CL
Spin ratio Vdrum / U wind
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R 10 micron ? 0.65 micron
Source
http//www.philiplaven.com/mieplot.htm
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1 5 January 2006
http//toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/reflect/reflect_v8.html
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